作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7): 1887-1900.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43062
霍建喆,于爱忠,王玉珑,王鹏飞,尹波,刘亚龙,张冬玲,姜科强,庞小能,王凤
HUO Jian-Zhe,YU Ai-Zhong*,WANG Yu-Long,WANG Peng-Fei,YIN Bo,LIU Ya-Long,ZHANG Dong-Ling,JIANG Ke-Qiang,PANG Xiao-Neng,WANG Feng
摘要:
针对西北灌区化学氮肥施用量高、利用率低等问题,探究有机肥替代部分化学氮肥对甜玉米产量、品质及氮素利用的影响,以期为绿洲灌区甜玉米高产优质生产提供理论依据。田间试验于2023—2024年在武威绿洲农业试验站进行,设置5个不同的有机肥替代梯度处理(传统施肥,CK;有机肥替代10%化肥,M1;有机肥替代20%化肥,M2;有机肥替代30%化肥,M3;有机肥替代40%化肥,M4)对甜玉米产量、品质和氮素积累、分配及利用效率的影响。与CK处理相比,M2处理甜玉米鲜穗和鲜籽粒产量分别提高4.51%和6.31%,穗粒数和千粒重提高2.65%和7.01%,籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖和维生素C含量分别提高14.18%、8.67%、8.83%和19.75%,同时该处理降低了茎秆中的中、酸性洗涤纤维含量,提高了茎秆粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量及相对饲用价值。与CK相比,M2处理促进了玉米根系生长,提高了开花期和采收期植株地上部氮素积累量,并保证氮素在籽粒中的分配比例。此外,M2处理显著提高了鲜穗、鲜籽粒氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率,较CK处理分别提高4.64%、6.41%和20.05%。相关性分析表明,甜玉米鲜穗、鲜籽粒产量与根系生物量、植株氮素积累量、氮素利用各指标呈显著正相关,籽粒蛋白质含量、茎秆粗蛋白含量与氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数呈显著正相关。随机森林模型进一步显示,鲜穗氮肥偏生产力、千粒重、根系生物量、氮素收获指数、穗粒数是影响甜玉米鲜穗和鲜籽粒产量的关键因素。综上所述,有机肥替代20%化肥能够优化甜玉米根系生长,促进氮素的积累分配及高效利用,实现产量与品质协同提升,可作为绿洲灌区甜玉米高产优质生产的合理有机无机配施制度。
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