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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7): 1901-1913.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

秸秆还田与微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦旗叶碳氮代谢及产量形成的影响

陈如雪1**(), 孙丽芳1**,4(), 张芯源1, 牟海萌1, 张永新1, 袁丽雪1, 彭仕乐1, 王壮壮3, 王永华1,2,*()   

  1. 1河南农业大学农学院 / 国家小麦工程技术研究中心, 河南郑州 450046
    2小麦玉米两熟高效生产全国重点实验室, 河南郑州 450046
    3河南农业大学资源与环境学院, 河南郑州 450046
    4河南迈向丰农业科技有限公司, 河南孟州 454750
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-13 接受日期:2025-04-25 出版日期:2025-07-12 网络出版日期:2025-05-13
  • 通讯作者: *王永华, E-mail: wangyonghua@henau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:陈如雪, E-mail: 17843050883@163.com;
    孙丽芳, E-mail: sunlifang236@163.com
    **同等贡献
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2300204);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03)

Effects of combined straw returning and microbial inoculant application on carbon-nitrogen metabolism in flag leaves and yield formation in winter wheat

CHEN Ru-Xue1**(), SUN Li-Fang1,4**(), ZHANG Xin-Yuan1, MU Hai-Meng1, ZHANG Yong-Xin1, YUAN Li-Xue1, PENG Shi-Le1, WANG Zhuang-Zhuang3, WANG Yong-Hua1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
    2State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
    3College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
    4Henan Maixiangfeng Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Mengzhou 454750, Henan, China
  • Received:2025-01-13 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-07-12 Published online:2025-05-13
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangyonghua@henau.edu.cn
  • About author:**Contributed equally to this work
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2300204);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03)

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摘要：

探究秸秆还田与微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦碳氮代谢、干物质生产及籽粒产量的影响及其相互关系, 旨在阐明其对冬小麦产量的调控效应, 为冬小麦绿色高产栽培提供技术支撑和参考依据。于2021—2023年连续2年设置微耕机旋耕掩埋秸秆还田(T1)、秸秆配施商品微生物菌剂+微耕机旋耕掩埋还田(T2)、秸秆配施真菌-细菌复合微生物菌剂(侧孢短杆菌WPL-3、黑曲霉BLH-22、哈茨木霉GZX-3)+微耕机旋耕掩埋还田(T3)和秸秆不还田(CK) 4个处理池栽对比试验, 重点研究其对冬小麦碳氮代谢、干物质生产及产量的影响。秸秆还田和微生物菌剂配施处理组合均能提高冬小麦产量, 优化产量构成因素。T3处理平均产量最高, 较T2、T1和CK分别提高5.47%、10.41%和15.27%, 穗粒数和千粒重均显著高于CK和T1。与CK和T1处理相比, T3处理开花及花后的碳代谢SPS和SS酶活性及氮代谢NR和GS酶活性均显著提高, 成熟期干物质积累总量和籽粒干重亦显著增加。秸秆还田协同真菌-细菌复合微生物菌剂(T3)处理显著提高冬小麦产量, 其多途径调控机制主要是哈茨木霉-侧孢短杆菌协同调控, 加速秸秆腐解, 提升碳氮代谢关键酶活性(与T2相比, 酶活性呈提高趋势但差异未达显著水平), 优化冬小麦“源-流-库”动态关系, 强化籽粒灌浆物质基础, 促使花后干物质向籽粒转移效率提高18.4% (与T2相比, 转移效率提升3.1个百分点), 最终产量较T2处理显著提高5.47%。因此, 相较于商品菌剂处理(T2), 秸秆还田协同真菌-细菌复合微生物菌剂(T3)处理可作为黄淮南部冬小麦绿色高产栽培的可靠技术方案。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 干物质生产, 碳氮代谢, 产量形成, 冬小麦, 微生物菌剂

Abstract:

The study investigated the effects of combined application of straw returning and microbial inoculants on carbon nitrogen metabolism, dry matter accumulation, and grain yield in winter wheat, aiming to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms on yield formation and provide technical support for green high-yield cultivation. A two-year (2021-2023) comparative experiment with four treatments was conducted: micro-tiller rotary burial for straw returning (T1), T1 combined with commercial microbial inoculants (T2), T1 combined with a fungi-bacteria complex inoculant (containing Brevibacillus laterosporus WPL-3, Aspergillus niger BLH-22, and Trichoderma harzianum GZX-3) (T3), and no straw returning (CK). The key findings were: All straw-returning treatments improved yield components, with T3 showing the highest average yield (5.47%, 10.41%, and 15.27% higher than T2, T1, and CK, respectively) and significantly superior spike grain number and 1000-grain weight over CK and T1. Compared to CK and T1, T3 significantly enhanced key enzyme activities (sucrose phosphate synthase [SPS], sucrose synthase [SS], nitrate reductase [NR], glutamine synthetase [GS]) during flowering and post-flowering stages, alongside increased total dry matter accumulation and grain weight at maturity. Mechanistically, T3 achieved synergistic effects through Trichoderma harzianum-Brevibacillus laterosporus co-regulation, accelerating straw decomposition, elevating carbon-nitrogen metabolic enzyme activities (showing an increasing trend compared to T2, though not statistically significant), optimizing “source-flow-sink” dynamics, strengthening grain filling material basis, and improving post-flowering dry matter translocation efficiency by 18.4% (a 3.1 percentage points increase compared to T2). Collectively, these effects contributed to a 5.47% significant yield increase over T2. Therefore, compared with the commercial inoculant treatment (T2), T3 (straw returning combined with fungi-bacteria complex inoculant) is recommended as a reliable technical solution for green and high-yield winter wheat cultivation in the southern Huang-Huai region.

Key words: straw returning, dry matter production, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, yield formation, winter wheat, microbial inoculants

图1

2021-2023年冬小麦生长季月平均降雨量及温度变化 Pre: 降雨量; Tem: 温度。"

表1

播种前土壤基础养分"

年份
Year		 土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮Alkaline N
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷Available P
(mg kg-1)
2021-2022 0-20 8.58 7.95 0.78 50.26 104.43 7.90
20-40 8.68 3.27 0.43 22.84 90.84 5.52
2022-2023 0-20 8.57 8.47 0.82 58.40 104.60 9.67
20-40 8.32 5.05 0.54 40.45 91.81 7.10

图2

2021-2023年田间试验小区分布图 T1: 微耕机旋耕掩埋秸秆还田; T2: 秸秆配施商品微生物菌剂+微耕机旋耕掩埋还田; T3: 秸秆配施真菌-细菌复合微生物菌剂+微耕机旋耕掩埋还田; CK: 秸秆不还田。"

表2

秸秆还田和微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦产量及构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel per
spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021-2022 CK 473.33 b 43.77 b 51.09 d 8954.30 c
T1 482.50 b 44.12 b 52.36 c 9227.95 c
T2 497.50 a 45.38 a 53.46 b 9697.29 b
T3 500.00 a 45.47 a 54.87 a 10,170.89 a
2022-2023 CK 505.00 b 42.93 b 44.53 c 7879.72 c
T1 520.00 b 43.17 b 46.55 b 8346.37 b
T2 535.00 a 44.77 a 46.60 b 8700.11 b
T3 542.50 a 45.25 a 47.93 a 9232.94 a

表3

秸秆还田与微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦阶段干物质积累量的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 返青-拔节
Regreening-jointing		 拔节-开花
Jointing-anthesis		 开花-成熟
Anthesis-maturity
2021-2022 CK 2471.96 b 7610.97 d 6236.02 b
T1 2652.86 ab 8199.23 c 6290.31 b
T2 2646.28 ab 8554.70 b 6638.45 a
T3 2804.78 a 8929.35 a 6991.55 a
2022-2023 CK 2463.54 b 7784.44 b 5122.89 b
T1 2713.58 a 8043.48 b 5455.01 b
T2 2652.64 a 8452.57 a 5864.87 a
T3 2759.28 a 8665.37 a 5940.25 a

表4

秸秆还田和微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦干物质转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质再转运
Transport of dry matter stored in invegetative organs before anthesis		 花后吸收干物质
Uptake of dry matter after anthesis
转运量
Translocation amount
(kg hm-2)		 转运率
Translocation rate (%)		 贡献率
Contribution
(%)		 积累量
Accumulation
(kg hm-2)		 贡献率
Contribution
(%)
2021-2022 CK 2986.75 c 21.70 c 32.41 c 6236.02 c 67.59 a
T1 3513.50 b 23.79 b 35.84 b 6290.31 c 64.16 b
T2 3775.69 b 24.72 a 36.26 a 6638.45 b 63.74 b
T3 3894.60 a 24.60 ab 35.85 ab 6991.55 a 64.15 b
2022-2023 CK 3396.59 d 26.20 c 39.88 c 5122.89 c 60.12 a
T1 3690.50 c 26.94 b 40.35 b 5455.01 b 59.65 b
T2 3984.36 b 27.74 ab 40.45 ab 5864.87 ab 59.55 b
T3 4103.83 a 27.85 a 40.86 a 5940.25 a 59.14 b

表5

秸秆还田和微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦成熟期各器官干物质分配的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 叶片
Leaf		 茎鞘
Pedicle sheath		 穗轴+颍壳
Spike-stalk and glume		 籽粒
Grain
2021-2022 CK 2858.53 c 5856.01 b 2059.69 b 9222.78 d
T1 3321.14 b 5816.55 b 2118.39 b 9803.81 c
T2 3354.64 b 5927.47 a 2219.19 ab 10,414.14 b
T3 3672.08 a 5911.06 a 2351.56 a 10,886.14 a
2022-2023 CK 2431.80 d 7130.97 b 2048.90 b 8519.48 d
T1 2624.63 c 7381.42 b 2142.73 b 9145.52 c
T2 2823.18 b 7560.83 a 2262.23 a 9849.23 b
T3 2916.68 a 7713.08 a 2270.08 a 10,044.08 a

图3

秸秆还田和微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦旗叶碳代谢的影响 处理同图2。不同字母代表在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

秸秆还田和微生物菌剂配施对冬小麦旗叶氮代谢的影响 处理同图2。不同字母代表在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

冬小麦叶片碳氮代谢酶活性、物质生产与产量的相关性分析 *、**、***、****分别表示在0.05、0.01、0.001和0.0001水平相关性显著。红色表示正相关, 蓝色表示负相关。PDA: 花后干物质积累量; TDM: 成熟期总干重; FMA: 开花-成熟期积累量; A: 可溶性糖; B: 可溶性蛋白; NR: 硝酸还原酶; GS: 谷氨酰胺合成酶; SS: 蔗糖合成酶; SPS: 蔗糖磷酸合成酶; Yield: 产量。"

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