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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9): 2501-2513.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54002

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

控释肥替代普通尿素对旱作高粱干物质积累分配、产量和品质的影响

付江鹏(), 柳发财*(), 闫宝琴, 王永栋, 李利利, 魏玮, 周英霞   

  1. 平凉市农业科学院, 甘肃平凉 744000
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-02 接受日期:2025-04-25 出版日期:2025-09-12 网络出版日期:2025-05-23
  • 通讯作者: *柳发财, E-mail: 2008liufacai@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: fjp951208@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-06-14.5-B29);平凉市科技计划项目(PL-STK-2023A-025);平凉市科技计划项目(PL-STK-2023B-074)

Effect of replacing common urea with controlled-release fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, partitioning, yield, and quality of sorghum in dryland farming

FU Jiang-Peng(), LIU Fa-Cai*(), YAN Bao-Qin, WANG Yong-Dong, LI Li-Li, WEI Wei, ZHOU Ying-Xia   

  1. Pingliang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pingliang 744000, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-01-02 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-09-12 Published online:2025-05-23
  • Contact: *E-mail: 2008liufacai@163.com
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-B29);Pingliang Science and Technology Plan Project(PL-STK-2023A-025);Pingliang Science and Technology Plan Project(PL-STK-2023B-074)

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摘要：

控释肥替代普通尿素是一种实现化肥减量提质增效的轻简化施肥策略。试验于2022—2023年在陇东黄土高原典型旱塬区泾川县高平镇进行, 供试高粱品种为吉杂127, 设不施氮肥(CK)、习惯常规尿素纯氮用量(CU240)、控释氮肥不同的减氮比例(减量施氮0, CRU240; 减量施氮10%, CRU216; 减量施氮20%, CRU192; 减量施氮30%, CRU168; 减量施氮40%, CRU144)共7个处理, 研究控释肥替代普通尿素对高粱干物质积累分配特征、产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明, 随着生育进程的推进, 各处理干物质积累速率(DMAR)呈先升后降的趋势, 在拔节至抽穗期达到峰值。基于Logistic方程拟合的不同处理高粱干物质积累动态模型拟合度较高, 其R2在0.949~0.985之间。增施氮肥降低了茎鞘和叶片中的转运量, 而对高粱成熟期干物质向穗部的转运量有显著的促进作用, 其中CRU240和CRU216处理穗部干物质分配比例较CU240处理平均提高1.78%和0.94%。在开花前, 与CU240处理相比, CRU168和CRU144处理的花前干物质转运量(DMR)、花前干物质转运率(DMRE)、花前干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累贡献率(DMRCG)均显著降低, 而与CRU240、CRU216、CRU192处理间无显著差异。在开花后, CRU240、CRU216、CRU192处理花后干物质积累量(DMA)与CU240处理差异不显著, 其中CRU192处理DMA较CRU168和CRU144处理分别提高8.86%和14.15%。产量以CRU240处理的最高, 较CRU168和CRU144处理分别显著增产19.36%、33.01%。高粱产出以CRU240处理最高, 并且随着控释氮肥减量高粱产出呈降低趋势, CRU216、CRU192、CRU168和CRU144处理的高粱产出较CRU240处理平均降低3.63%、8.83%、16.20%和24.82%。籽粒蛋白质含量以CRU240处理最高, 较CRU168和CRU144处理平均分别显著增加19.92%、20.70%。淀粉含量随控释氮肥减量呈增加趋势。各处理间单宁含量无显著差异。通径分析表明, 穗粒重和千粒重是实现高粱增产稳产的重要因素。综上, 与常规尿素用量相比, 控释尿素减量10%~20%处理有利于干物质的积累、分配和转运, 保证稳产高产, 提高经济效益, 可作为旱作高粱获得高产优质的推荐施氮量。

关键词: 控释氮肥, 高粱, 干物质积累分配, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

The substitution of conventional urea with controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) offers a more efficient fertilization strategy that reduces chemical nitrogen input while enhancing crop yield and quality. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in Gaoping town, Jingchuan county, located on the arid plateau region of the Longdong Loess Plateau, using the sorghum variety Jiza 127. Seven treatments were implemented: no nitrogen application (CK), conventional urea at 240 kg hm-2 of pure nitrogen (CU240), and five CRF-based treatments with varying nitrogen reduction rates—0 (CRU240), 10% (CRU216), 20% (CRU192), 30% (CRU168), and 40% (CRU144). The study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing conventional urea with CRFs on dry matter accumulation and partitioning, as well as yield and grain quality in sorghum. Results showed that throughout the growth period, the dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR) followed a typical pattern of increasing and then decreasing, peaking during the jointing-to-heading stage. Logistic models fitted to DMA dynamics demonstrated strong goodness-of-fit (R2 = 0.949-0.985) across all treatments. Nitrogen application reduced the proportion of dry matter retained in stems and leaves but significantly enhanced translocation to the panicle at maturity. Notably, the proportion of dry matter allocated to the panicle in CRU240 and CRU216 treatments was, on average, 1.78% and 0.94% higher, respectively, than in CU240. Before flowering, pre-flowering dry matter translocation (DMR), translocation efficiency (DMRE), and the contribution of pre-flowering translocation to grain dry matter accumulation (DMRCG) were significantly lower in CRU168 and CRU144 compared to CU240, while no significant differences were observed in CRU240, CRU216, and CRU192. After flowering, post-flowering DMA in CRU240, CRU216, and CRU192 treatments was comparable to CU240, but DMA in CRU192 was 8.86% and 14.15% higher than that in CRU168 and CRU144, respectively. The highest yield was achieved under CRU240, which was significantly greater than CRU168 and CRU144 by 19.36% and 33.01%, respectively. As nitrogen input decreased, yield declined accordingly, with reductions of 3.63%, 8.83%, 16.20%, and 24.82% observed in CRU216, CRU192, CRU168, and CRU144, respectively, compared to CRU240. Grain protein content peaked in CRU240, being significantly higher than in CRU168 and CRU144 by 19.92% and 20.70%, respectively. In contrast, starch content increased as nitrogen input decreased. Tannin content did not differ significantly among treatments. Path analysis indicated that panicle grain weight and 1000-grain weight were the key determinants of high and stable yields. In conclusion, compared to conventional urea, reducing controlled-release nitrogen application by 10%-20% effectively promotes dry matter accumulation, partitioning, and translocation, while maintaining high yield and improving grain quality. This strategy enhances both agronomic performance and resource use efficiency and is therefore recommended as an optimal nitrogen management approach for dryland sorghum production.

Key words: controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, sorghum, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield, quality

图1

2022-2023年月平均温度和降水量"

图2

控释氮肥减量对高粱干物质积累量的影响 CK、CU240、CRU240、CRU216、CRU192、CRU168、CRU144分别表示不施氮肥、当地习惯普通尿素纯氮用量、控释尿素等量纯氮用量、控释氮肥减量10%、控释氮肥减量20%、控释氮肥减量30%、控释氮肥减量40%。不同小写字母表示各处理在0.05水平上差异显著。"

图3

控释氮肥减量对高粱干物质积累速率的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示各处理在0.05水平上差异显著; ns表示不显著。"

表1

基于Logistic回归方程拟合高粱干物质积累动态变化过程"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 拟合方程
Fitting equation		 R2 最大积累速率
Maximum
accumulation rate
(Vmax, t hm-2 d-1)		 最大积累速率出现天数
Maximum accumulation rate occurred on
several days
(Tmax, d)		 最大积累速率时的生长量
Growth amount
at the maximum
accumulation rate
(Wmax, t hm-2)
2022 CK y=23.00/(1+73.12e-0.031x) 0.978 0.51 c 82.49 d 8.50 c
CU240 y=20.39/(1+41.09e-0.040x) 0.982 0.82 a 96.90 ab 10.75 a
CRU240 y=22.14/(1+44.46e-0.038x) 0.975 0.84 a 98.40 a 11.07 a
CRU216 y=20.72/(1+44.46e-0.041x) 0.979 0.84 a 97.21 a 10.98 a
CRU192 y=20.42/(1+41.33e-0.039x) 0.972 0.80 ab 96.26 ab 10.71 a
CRU168 y=18.67/(1+32.95e-0.036x) 0.949 0.68 b 94.89 b 9.34 b
CRU144 y=20.49/(1+42.57e-0.033x) 0.977 0.66 b 92.61 c 9.25 b
2023 CK y=23.41/(1+69.33e-0.030x) 0.985 0.51 d 89.71 d 8.70 c
CU240 y=21.05/(1+38.02e-0.038x) 0.985 0.83 a 97.58 a 10.91 ab
CRU240 y=22.29/(1+39.48e-0.038x) 0.978 0.85 a 98.48 a 11.15 a
CRU216 y=22.10/(1+36.24e-0.036x) 0.973 0.83 a 97.76 a 11.05 a
CRU192 y=20.65/(1+41.26e-0.039x) 0.980 0.81 ab 97.02 a 10.83 ab
CRU168 y=21.82/(1+36.64e-0.033x) 0.975 0.72 b 95.02 b 10.03 b
CRU144 y=20.60/(1+42.56e-0.033x) 0.982 0.66 c 92.00 c 9.70 b

图4

控释氮肥减量对高粱成熟期干物质分配的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一年份处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。"

表2

控释氮肥减量对高粱干物质转运特征的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花前 Pre-anthesis 开花后 Post anthesis
DMR (t hm-2) DMRE (%) DMRCG (%) DMA (t hm-2) DMAC (%)
2022 CK 0.55 d 8.98 c 7.22 c 8.57 d 96.63 a
CU240 0.69 ab 11.40 a 9.16 a 12.63 ab 90.84 d
CRU240 0.73 a 11.93 a 9.25 a 13.14 a 90.75 d
CRU216 0.70 ab 11.58 a 9.17 a 12.85 ab 90.93 d
CRU192 0.68 b 10.54 ab 8.89 ab 12.54 b 91.81 c
CRU168 0.63 c 9.82 b 7.75 b 11.16 c 92.65 bc
CRU144 0.60 c 9.36 b 7.57 b 10.70 c 93.42 b
2023 CK 0.61 c 9.61 d 6.20 d 8.14 d 93.80 a
CU240 0.80 a 12.64 ab 11.14 a 11.90 ab 88.86 d
CRU240 0.84 a 13.13 a 11.14 a 12.71 a 88.86 d
CRU216 0.81 a 12.80 ab 10.98 ab 12.22 a 89.01 cd
CRU192 0.80 a 11.82 b 10.78 ab 11.41 b 89.92 c
CRU168 0.73 b 11.37 b 10.12 b 10.83 c 90.54 bc
CRU144 0.68 b 10.00 c 9.96 c 10.27 c 91.04 b
方差分析 Variance analysis
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** **
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** **
年份×处理 Y×T NS NS NS NS NS

表3

控释氮肥减量对高粱产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (t hm-2)		 穗粒重
Grain weight per panicle (g)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 收获指数
Harvest index (%)
2022 CK 5.42±0.52 e 33.55±1.81 d 21.67±1.11 d 27.07±2.65 b
CU240 7.53±0.27 ab 59.60±0.90 b 29.88±0.28 a 40.48±2.12 a
CRU240 7.89±0.09 a 63.86±0.92 a 30.80±0.58 a 40.00±1.00 a
CRU216 7.75±0.30 ab 62.46±0.31 ab 30.23±0.30 a 39.82±1.72 a
CRU192 7.11±0.24 bc 58.93±0.84 b 29.17±0.78 a 38.78±2.11 a
CRU168 6.76±0.14 c 45.86±1.34 c 26.37±0.52 b 37.05±0.49 a
CRU144 5.93±0.14 d 42.52±1.04 c 24.27±0.44 c 37.13±0.28 a
2023 CK 5.15±0.32 d 29.15±1.24 d 22.00±0.50 d 28.54±3.20 b
CU240 7.60±0.26 a 59.18±0.08 ab 27.01±0.86 abc 40.43±1.59 a
CRU240 8.09±0.20 a 61.43±0.88 a 28.43±0.78 a 40.64±0.79 a
CRU216 7.85±0.37 a 59.42±0.56 ab 27.83±0.55 ab 41.00±2.04 a
CRU192 7.46±0.20 ab 57.43±0.81 b 25.97±0.52 bc 40.23±0.53 a
CRU168 6.63±0.27 bc 43.24±0.92 c 25.83±0.52 bc 35.97±1.20 a
CRU144 6.08±0.38 c 41.76±0.86 c 24.91±0.61 c 37.65±2.04 a
方差分析 Variance analysis
年份 Year (Y) * ** * NS
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** **
年份×处理 Y×T NS NS NS NS

表4

控释氮肥减量对高粱籽粒品质的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 蛋白质
Protein (%)		 淀粉
Starch (%)		 单宁
Tannin (%)
2022 CK 7.11±0.15 c 71.78±0.81 a 1.36±0.03 a
CU240 11.18±0.63 a 69.87±0.43 bc 1.31±0.01 a
CRU240 11.47±0.41 a 69.26±0.48 c 1.28±0.01 a
CRU216 11.34±0.58 a 71.27±0.19 abc 1.30±0.02 a
CRU192 11.08±0.19 a 71.46±0.72 ab 1.33±0.01 a
2022 CRU168 9.41±0.51 b 70.54±0.72 ab 1.33±0.01 a
CRU144 9.39±0.62 b 71.71±0.71 a 1.34±0.04 a
2023 CK 7.58±0.41 c 74.20±0.85 a 1.35±0.01 a
CU240 11.01±0.51 a 70.30±0.51 cd 1.30±0.02 a
CRU240 11.36±0.31 a 69.89±0.39 d 1.30±0.01 a
CRU216 10.96±0.21 a 71.22±0.43 bcd 1.32±0.01 a
CRU192 10.57±0.53 ab 71.55±0.53 bcd 1.34±0.01 a
CRU168 9.63±0.39 b 71.71±0.71 bc 1.34±0.04 a
CRU144 9.52±0.36 b 72.10±0.78 b 1.34±0.02 a
方差分析 Variance analysis
年份 Year (Y) NS NS NS
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** NS
年份×处理 Y×T NS NS NS

表5

不同施肥处理下高粱经济效益分析"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产出
Output
(yuan hm-2)		 肥料投入
Fertilizer input
(yuan hm-2)		 其他投入
Other input
(yuan hm-2)		 净利润
Net income
(yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Output-input ratio (%)
2022 CK 13,002.63 150.00 4950.00 7902.63 2.55
CU240 18,070.77 630.00 4950.00 12,490.77 3.24
CRU240 18,933.79 918.00 4950.00 13,065.79 3.23
CRU216 18,607.33 841.20 4950.00 12,816.13 3.21
CRU192 17,061.49 764.40 4950.00 11,347.09 2.99
CRU168 16,223.93 687.60 4950.00 10,586.33 2.88
CRU144 14,235.08 610.80 4950.00 8674.28 2.56
2023 CK 12,368.71 150.00 4950.00 7268.71 2.43
CU240 18,230.77 630.00 4950.00 12,650.77 3.27
CRU240 19,093.79 918.00 4950.00 13,545.79 3.31
CRU216 18,831.33 841.20 4950.00 13,040.13 3.25
CRU192 17,905.49 764.40 4950.00 12,191.09 3.13
CRU168 15,903.93 687.60 4950.00 10,266.33 2.82
CRU144 14,595.08 610.80 4950.00 9034.28 2.62

表6

不同处理高粱产量与其调控因素的通径分析"

指标
Index		 相关系数
Correlation coefficient		 直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient		 间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0.87** -0.27 — -0.90 0.76 0.66
X2 -0.87** 0.17 -0.16 — 0.53 0.35
X3 0.94** 0.84 0.23 0.55 — 0.93
X4 0.89** 0.79 0.48 -0.66 0.78 —
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