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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 289-296.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.01105

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同种类生物炭对植烟土壤微生物及根茎病害发生的影响

李成江1,李大肥2,周桂夙1,许龙2,徐天养2,赵正雄1,*()   

  1. 1云南农业大学烟草学院, 云南昆明 650201
    2 云南省烟草公司文山州公司, 云南文山663000
  • 收稿日期:2018-05-30 接受日期:2018-10-08 出版日期:2019-02-12 网络出版日期:2018-11-01
  • 通讯作者: 赵正雄
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由云南省烟草公司科技计划项目资助(2016YN14)

Effects of different types of biochar on soil microorganism and rhizome diseases occurrence of flue-cured tobacco

Cheng-Jiang LI1,Da-Fei LI2,Gui-Su ZHOU1,Long XU2,Tian-Yang XU2,Zheng-Xiong ZHAO1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Tobacco Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
    2 Wenshan Tobacco Company, Yunnan Tobacco Company, Wenshan 663000, Yunnan, China
  • Received:2018-05-30 Accepted:2018-10-08 Published:2019-02-12 Published online:2018-11-01
  • Contact: Zheng-Xiong ZHAO
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Tobacco Company(2016YN14)

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摘要：

采用田间试验研究了稻壳炭、木屑炭对烤烟根区土壤微生物、根茎病害发生以及烟叶产量的影响。结果表明, 生物炭施用明显影响着烤烟根区土壤微生物数量及其对碳源的利用, 进而影响着青枯病、黑胫病的发生情况和烟叶的产量、产值, 但其效果因生物炭种类而异。木屑炭处理烤烟旺长期细菌和采烤前放线菌的数量明显比对照增加了11.7%和12.8%, 而稻壳炭处理旺长和初烤时的真菌数量显著增加。植烟土壤中青枯菌和黑胫病菌的数量及其占微生物总量的百分比也以施用生物炭处理显著低于对照, 而烤烟旺长期根区微生物对碳源的利用能力则相反; 到烟叶采烤前, 根区微生物对酚酸类和胺类的利用以生物炭处理相对最低; 上述情况以木屑炭处理较稻壳炭处理更为明显。与对照相比, 木屑炭处理青枯病的发病率和病情指数降低了24.3%和33.3%, 黑胫病的发病率和病情指数降低了23.9%和14.9%, 产量和产值增加了4.7%和21.1%; 稻壳炭处理青枯病发病率和病情指数降低了18.1%和23.9%, 黑胫病的发病率和病情指数降低了15.9%和6.0%, 产量和产值增加了2.2%和12.0%。综合而言, 施用生物炭能较好地改善土壤微生物状况及其对碳源的利用, 减少青枯病和黑胫病的发生, 增加烟叶的产量和产值; 其中以木屑炭处理效果更佳。

关键词: 生物炭, 烤烟, 土壤微生物, 青枯病, 黑胫病, 产量, 产值

Abstract:

A field experiment was carried out to study effects of rice husk biochar and wood biochar application respectively on rhizosphere microorganisms, rhizome diseases occurrence, and leaf yield of flue-cured tobacco. The application of biochar significantly affected the amount of rhizosphere microorganisms and the use of carbon sources of flue-cured tobacco. In turn, as well as the occurrences of granville wilt and tobacco black shank, also the yield and output value of tobacco leaf, which varied with the types of biochar. The treatment of wood biochar significantly increased the number of bacteria at vigorous growth stage and actinomycete at mature stage in flue-cured tobacco by 11.7% and 12.8% respectively, while the treatment of rice husk biochar significantly increased the number of fungus in both stages. Compared with the control, the application of biochar significantly reduced the number of Ralstonia solanacearm and Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianac and the percentage to total microorganism. But rhizosphere microorganisms of flue-cured tobacco had the opposite effect on the carbon use ability in vigorous growing stage; before mature stage, phenolic acids and amines used by rhizosphere microorganisms were the lowest. The effect above, was more obvious in treatment of wood biochar than in treatment of rice husk biochar. Compared with control, the treatment of wood biochar decreased the incidence and disease index of granville wilt by 24.3% and 33.3%, and those of tobacco black shank decreased by 23.9% and 14.9%, while increased the output and output value by 4.7% and 21.1%. In rice husk biochar treatment, the incidence and disease index of granville wilt decreased by 18.1% and 23.9%, the incidence and disease index of tobacco black shank decreased by 15.9% and 6.0%, and the output and output value increased by 2.2% and 12.0%. In summary, the application of biochar can significantly impactive the situations of rhizosphere microorganisms of flue-cured tobacco and the utilization of different types of biochar, reducing the occurrence of granville wilt and black shank, and increasing the yield and output value of tobacco leaf. The effect of wood biochar is better.

Key words: biochar, flue-cured tobacco, root-zone microorganisms, granville wilt, tobacco black shank, yield, output value

表1

供试生物炭基本性质"

生物炭
Biochar		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 全钾
Total K
(g kg-1)		 电导率
Electric conductivity
(mS cm-1)
稻壳炭 Rice husk biochar 9.46 17.33 0.28 28.32 39.08 4.79
木屑炭 Wood biochar 6.35 51.60 0.35 16.63 11.12 6.03

表2

根区土壤微生物数量"

测定项目
Tested assay		 处理
Treatment		 旺长期
Vigorous growing stage		 采烤前
Mature stage
细菌
Bacteria (×106 cfu g-1)		 CK 5.28±0.23 b 3.17±2.15 a
RB 5.45±0.98 b 3.49±2.23 a
WB 5.90±0.49 a 3.52±2.17 a
真菌
Fungi (×104 cfu g-1)		 CK 3.75±1.90 b 6.11±2.17 b
RB 5.00±2.43 a 10.38±2.19 a
WB 3.97±2.55 b 8.17±2.56 b
放线菌
Actinomycets (×105 cfu g-1)		 CK 15.58±1.90 a 17.55±1.00 b
RB 15.90±1.12 a 18.03±1.28 b
WB 15.98±0.97 a 19.80±1.59 a
微生物总量
Total microorganisms amount (×106 cfu g-1)		 CK 6.85±0.21 b 5.02±0.15 b
RB 7.05±0.21 ab 5.33±0.15 a
WB 7.49±0.21 a 5.62±0.15 a

图1

不同处理根区土壤微生物平均颜色变化率 CK: 不施生物炭; RB: 稻壳炭处理; WB: 木屑炭处理。"

表3

不同处理根区土壤微生物对六类碳源的利用"

测定时期
Measurement period		 处理
Treatment		 碳水化合物
Carbohydrate		 氨基酸类
Amino acid		 聚合物
Polymer		 酚酸类
Phenothiazine		 胺类
Propylamine		 羧酸类
RCOOH
旺长期
Vigorous growing stage		 CK 0.41±0.07 b 0.32±0.04 b 0.38±0.06 b 0.10±0.01 c 0.11±0.01 c 0.38±0.10 b
RB 0.43±0.06 b 0.55±0.02 b 0.40±0.04 b 0.22±0.02 b 0.33±0.03 b 0.40±0.04 ab
WB 0.69±0.02 a 0.99±0.06 a 0.89±0.17 a 0.45±0.05 a 0.53±0.04 a 0.55±0.12 a
采烤前
Mature stage		 CK 0.41±0.03 b 0.57±0.13 b 0.32±0.10 b 0.26±0.10 a 0.55±0.03 b 0.70±0.04 a
RB 0.55±0.14 ab 0.77±0.05 a 0.67± 0.04 a 0.16±0.08 a 0.43±0.04 b 0.71±0.04 a
WB 0.62±0.10 a 0.84±0.02 a 0.79± 0.03 a 0.12±0.03 a 0.35±0.05 a 0.60±0.08 a

图2

不同处理根区土壤青枯菌、黑胫病菌的数量及占微生物的百分比 不同字母表示处理间差异显著性(P<0.05)。CK: 不施生物炭; RB: 稻壳炭处理; WB: 木屑炭处理。"

表4

生物质炭对烤烟主要病害的影响"

处理
Treatment		 项目
Item		 旺长期 Vigorous growing stage 采烤前 Mature stage
青枯病
Granvillel wilt		 黑胫病
Tobacco black shank		 青枯病
Granville wilt		 黑胫病
Tobacco black shank
发病率
Incidence rate (%)		 CK 3.37 a 1.76 a 4.67 a 2.63 a
RB 2.76 b 1.48 b 3.53 b 2.24 b
WB 2.55 c 1.34 c 3.50 b 2.20 b
病情指数
Disease index (%)		 CK 2.34 a 1.34 a 4.36 a 2.34 a
RB 1.78 b 1.26 a 2.98 b 1.52 b
WB 1.56 c 1.14 c 2.73 b 1.49 b

表5

生物炭对烤烟经济性状的影响"

处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 产值
Output value (yuan hm-2)		 上等烟比例
Proportion of high grade tobacco leaf (%)
CK 2092.5 b 48576.0 b 51.1 a
RB 2139.0 a 54415.5 a 53.1 a
WB 2190.5 a 58821.0 a 54.3 a
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