作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 691-700.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.02038
田昌1(
), 靳拓1,2, 周旋3, 黄思怡1, 王英姿4,*(
), 徐泽5, 彭建伟1, 荣湘民1, 谢桂先1
TIAN Chang1(
), JIN Tuo1,2, ZHOU Xuan3, HUANG Si-Yi1, WANG Ying-Zi4,*(
), XU Ze5, PENG Jian-Wei1, RONG Xiang-Min1, XIE Gui-Xian1
摘要:
缓控释肥料应用于我国水稻生产中, 对化肥使用量零增长和农业可持续发展具有重要推动作用。本研究以连续在湖南进行6年(2013—2018年)的双季稻控释尿素施用试验为研究平台, 分析控释尿素施用下环洞庭湖区早晚稻主要生育期地上部氮素累积、氮素阶段吸收速率与氮素利用的关系, 探究控释尿素减施对水稻持续稳产增产的原因。结果表明: 早稻各施氮处理均有1次明显的氮素阶段吸收速率峰值, 控释尿素(controlled-release urea, CRU)处理氮素吸收相对延后, 氮素累积主要在幼穗分化始期至抽穗期阶段, 占生育期总量的35.31%~42.33%, 其次为始分蘖期至幼穗分化始期和抽穗期至乳熟期。晚稻于始分蘖期至幼穗分化始期和抽穗期至乳熟期出现2次明显的氮素阶段吸收速率峰值, 均以1.0 CRU (等氮量控释尿素)处理峰值最高; 始分蘖期至幼穗分化始期、抽穗期至乳熟期水稻大量吸收氮素, 累积增量分别占35.92%~40.52%和23.05%~24.58%。控释尿素还能显著提高双季稻产量, 早晚稻分别以0.9 CRU (控释尿素减氮10%)和0.8 CRU (控释尿素减氮20%)处理最佳, 控释尿素减施的晚稻增产效果优于早稻, 且显著提高早晚稻氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力。CRU处理早晚稻产量与幼穗分化始期、抽穗期、乳熟期、腊熟期氮素累积量和有效穗数均呈极显著正相关, 且晚稻产量与穗长呈显著正相关; 早晚稻幼穗分化始期氮素累积量与氮肥农学利用率、生理利用率呈显著负相关, 氮肥偏生产力与早稻幼穗分化始期、抽穗期、乳熟期和腊熟期氮素累积量呈极显著或显著负相关, 与晚稻抽穗期氮素累积量呈显著负相关。因此, 控释尿素施用使水稻氮素阶段吸收速率、地上部氮素累积后延, 有利于后期生殖生长及籽粒结实, 显著提高双季稻产量及氮肥利用效率。结合双季稻吸氮特征和籽粒产量, 建议环洞庭湖区早稻采用释放期较短的控释尿素或配合速效氮肥施用, 进一步实现增产。
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