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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 738-751.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03044

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

种植密度对贵州春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能及籽粒产量的影响

郑迎霞1(), 陈杜1, 魏鹏程1, 卢平2, 杨锦越3, 罗上轲4, 叶开梅1, 宋碧1,*()   

  1. 1贵州大学农学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
    2安顺市农业科学研究院, 贵州安顺 561000
    3贵州省农业科学院旱粮研究所, 贵州贵阳 550006
    4余庆县农业农村局, 贵州余庆 564400
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-13 接受日期:2020-10-14 出版日期:2021-04-12 网络出版日期:2020-10-29
  • 通讯作者: 宋碧
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1534570966@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300307);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503127);贵州省特色粮油作物栽培与生理生态研究科技创新人才团队(黔科合平台人才项目)([2019]5613);贵州省高层次创新型人才“百”层次人才项目(黔科合平台人才)([2018]5632);贵州省生物学一流学科建设项目(GNYL[2017]009)

Effects of planting density on lodging resistance and grain yield of spring maize stalks in Guizhou province

ZHENG Ying-Xia1(), CHEN Du1, WEI Peng-Cheng1, LU Ping2, YANG Jin-Yue3, LUO Shang-Ke4, YE Kai-Mei1, SONG Bi1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
    2Anshun Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anshun 561000, Guizhou, China
    3Dry Food Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
    4Yuqing County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Yuqing 564400, Guizhou, China
  • Received:2020-07-13 Accepted:2020-10-14 Published:2021-04-12 Published online:2020-10-29
  • Contact: SONG Bi
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300307);Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201503127);Guizhou Province Characteristic Grain and Oil Crops Cultivation and Physiological and Ecological Research Technological Innovation Talent Team (Qiankehe Platform Talent) [2019]5613([2019]5613);Guizhou Province High-level Innovative Talents “Hundred” Level Talent Project (Qiankehe Platform Talent)([2018]5632);Guizhou Province Biology First-class Discipline Construction Project(GNYL[2017]009)

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摘要：

为了明确密植条件下春玉米茎秆特性和产量的变化及其相互关系, 为贵州春玉米密植高产提供理论依据和实践指导。以贵州广泛种植的玉米品种先玉1171和新中玉801为材料, 设置3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5万株 hm-26个密度, 于2018—2019年开展田间试验, 研究种植密度对春玉米茎秆形态特征和力学特性、空秆率、倒伏率和产量的影响。结果表明: (1) 春玉米株高和穗位高随密度增加先增高后降低; 增密后第3节长增幅最大, 第3节单位茎长干重、穿刺强度和抗折力, 第7节茎粗、干重和横截面积下降幅度最大; 密度对茎秆横截面扁率影响不显著。品种之间比较, 先玉1171节间长, 第3、5节的节间干重和第3节穿刺强度显著高于新中玉801, 第7节干重、节间粗、单位茎长干重、节间横截面积、横截面扁率和抗折力显著低于新中玉801。(2) 倒伏率和空秆率随密度增加而增大, 增密后先玉1171倒伏率显著高于新中玉801, 空秆率显著低于新中玉801。(3) 产量随密度增加先增加后降低, 先玉1171和新中玉801分别在9.3万株 hm-2和8.6万株 hm-2时产量最高。增密后先玉1171比新中玉801增产10.28%, 有效穗数和穗粒数更高。(4) 相关和多元回归分析表明, 株高、穗位高与倒伏率显著正相关, 节间粗和单位茎长干物质对玉米茎秆抗折力的正向影响显著。产量与茎秆性状密切相关, 株高对产量的正向影响最大。可见, 不同春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能和籽粒产量对密度的响应有差异, 新中玉801增密后茎秆节间短而粗, 单位茎长干重较大, 抗倒伏能力较强。而先玉1171由于在高密度下空秆率比新中玉801低, 有较高的有效穗数和穗粒数, 因此高密度下产量更高。综合考虑茎秆性状和产量, 先玉1171和新中玉801在贵州适宜密度分别为9.0万株 hm-2和8.5万株 hm-2。

关键词: 春玉米, 种植密度, 茎秆性状, 抗倒伏性能, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to clarify the changes of spring maize stalk characteristics and yield and their relationship under the dense planting conditions, and it provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for high yield of spring maize dense planting in Guizhou province. The field experiments were carried out to study the effect of planting density on spring maize stalk morphology and mechanical properties, empty stalk rate, lodging rate and grain yield using Guizhou's widely planted maize variety Xianyu 1171 and Xinzhongyu 801 with six density 3×104, 4.5×104, 6.0×104, 7.5×104, 9.0×104, 10.5×104 plants hm-2 from 2018 to 2019. The results were as follows: (1) Plant height and ear height of spring maize increased first and then decreased with the increase in density; the third node length increased the most after densification, the third node's dry weight per stem length, puncture strength and flexural strength, the seventh nodal thickness, dry weight and cross-sectional area decreased the most; the density had no significant effect on the flatness of the cross-sectional area of the stem. Compared with the varieties, Xianyu 1171 internode length, the 3rd and 5th internode dry weight and the 3rd node puncture strength were significantly higher than Xinzhongyu 801. The 7th node dry weight, internode thickness, dry weight per stem length, the cross-sectional area, cross-sectional flatness and flexural strength of internodes were significantly lower than that of Xinzhongyu 801. (2) Lodging rate and empty shot rate increased with the increase in density. After densification, the lodging rate of Xianyu 1171 was significantly higher than that of Xinzhongyu 801, and the rate of empty shot was significantly lower than that of Xinzhongyu 801. (3) The yield increased first and then decreased with the increase in density. Xianyu 1171 and Xinzhongyu 801 had the highest yields at 93,000 plants hm-2 and 86,000 plants hm-2, respectively. After densification, the yield of Xianyu 1171 was higher 10.28% than that of Xinzhongyu 801, and the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle were higher. (4) Correlation and multiple regression analysis showed that plant height, ear height and lodging rate were significantly positively correlated, and internode thickness and dry matter per stalk length had a significant positive effect on corn stalk bending resistance. The yield was closely related to stalk traits, and plant height had the greatest positive effect on yield. It can be seen that the lodging resistance and grain yield of different spring maize stalks were different in response to density. After the densification of Xinzhongyu 801, the internodes of the stalks were short and thick, the dry weight per stalk length was larger, and the lodging resistance ability was stronger. Because Xianyu 1171 had a lower empty stem rate than Xinzhongyu 801 under high density, it had a higher effective ear number and grain number per ear, the yield was higher under high density. Considering the culm traits and yield, the suitable density of Xianyu 1171 and Xinzhongyu 801 in Guizhou were 90,000 plants hm-2 and 85,000 plants hm-2, respectively.

Key words: spring maize, planting density, stalk trait, lodging resistance, grain yield

图1

玉米生育期内气温和降雨量"

表1

种植密度对不同春玉米株高、穗位高、穗位系数的影响"

品种
Varieties
密度
Density
 2018 2019
株高
Plant height
(cm)		 穗位高
Ear height
(cm)		 穗位系数
Ear position
coefficient		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 穗位高
Ear height
(cm)		 穗位系数
Ear position
coefficient
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 299.6 c 89.2 d 0.30 c 256.6 d 71.2 d 0.28 b
D2 318.2 b 97.5 cd 0.31 bc 271.7 c 76.4 cd 0.28 b
D3 324.2 ab 102.4 bc 0.32 bc 277.7 bc 82.9 abc 0.30 ab
D4 332.0 a 109.1 ab 0.33 a 289.8 a 89.7 a 0.31 a
D5 331.3 a 118.2 a 0.36 a 279.7 b 89.8 a 0.32 a
D6 320.0 ab 109.7 ab 0.34 a 276.9 bc 85.8 ab 0.31 a
平均值Mean 320.9 104.4 0.32 275.4 82.7 0.3
变异系数CV (%) 4.52 12.30 9.07 4.57 10.21 7.85
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 234.1 bc 77.6 b 0.33 c 212.5 d 73.7 b 0.35 c
D2 233.0 c 78.1 b 0.33 bc 217.5 cd 77.1 b 0.35 bc
D3 246.0 ab 88.6 a 0.36 ab 230.2 ab 88.5 a 0.38 a
D4 239.2 abc 88.1 a 0.37 a 223.6 bc 83.9 a 0.37 a
D5 248.9 a 93.1 a 0.37 a 234.3 a 90.3 a 0.38 a
D6 242.5 abc 92.5 a 0.38 a 230.0 ab 89.5 a 0.39 a
平均值Mean 240.6 86.3 0.36 224.7 83.8 0.37
变异系数CV (%) 5.32 11.26 7.21 5.46 11.12 5.97
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种Varieties (V) ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ** ** ns
品种×密度 (V×D) ns ns ns
品种×年份 (V×D) ** ** **
密度×年份 (D×Y) ns ns ns

表2

种植密度对不同春玉米玉米茎秆节间长、粗的影响"

品种
Varieties		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 节间粗
Internode stem thickness (mm)		 节间长度
Internode length (cm)		 节间粗
Internode stem thickness (mm)
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 13.76 d 18.83 a 18.84 a 21.50 a 20.59 a 18.88 a 13.09 b 17.72 d 17.64 b 20.47 a 18.81 a 15.72 a
D2 13.71 d 20.03 a 20.49 a 21.30 a 20.17 a 18.61 a 13.19 b 19.03 cd 19.63 a 20.49 a 18.97 a 15.30 a
D3 14.34 cd 20.72 a 20.39 a 19.83 b 19.11 b 17.18 b 14.41 b 19.87 bc 19.29 a 18.89 b 17.06 b 13.96 b
D4 15.18 bc 22.28 a 22.10 a 18.97 b 17.55 c 16.48 b 15.97 a 20.61 ab 19.83 a 17.34 c 16.00 c 13.22 bc
D5 16.22 ab 21.70 a 21.65 a 17.71 c 16.74 cd 15.37 c 16.03 a 21.98 a 20.41 a 16.41 cd 15.08 c 12.39 cd
D6 16.67 a 21.94 a 20.40 a 17.07 c 16.33 cd 15.28 c 17.25 a 22.05 a 19.27 a 15.37 d 13.81 d 11.29 d
平均值Mean 14.98 20.92 20.65 19.4 17.98 16.94 14.99 20.21 19.35 18.10 16.62 13.65
变异系数CV (%) 11.83 8.95 8.46 10.32 10.64 10.40 17.54 11.31 7.31 12.74 13.77 16.87
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 8.88 b 14.21 c 17.03 b 23.95 a 23.91 a 22.77 a 9.23 c 12.38 c 14.17 b 25.88 a 23.05 a 20.17 a
D2 9.86 b 15.94 bc 17.65 b 22.52 b 22.09 b 21.11 b 9.81 c 12.72 bc 14.07 b 24.59 ab 22.1 ab 19.95 a
D3 12.17 a 22.38 a 16.86 b 20.19 c 19.81 c 19.05 c 11.19 ab 14.63 a 15.52 a 23.47 b 20.89 b 19.28 a
D4 12.89 a 17.33 bc 18.33ab 18.09 d 17.99 d 17.81 d 10.33 bc 14.09 ab 15.69 a 21.25 c 19.46 c 17.27 b
D5 12.87 a 18.88 ab 19.48 a 17.22 e 16.72 e 16.17 e 11.99 a 15.78 a 16.44 a 20.37 c 18.44 d 16.13 b
D6 12.10 a 18.60 ab 18.05 ab 16.62 e 16.45 e 14.96 f 12.49 a 15.60 a 16.81 a 18.66 d 16.77 e 14.71 c
平均值Mean 11.46 17.06 17.9 19.77 19.50 18.64 10.84 14.2 15.45 22.37 20.12 17.92
变异系数CV (%) 17.31 13.62 10.93 15.56 14.60 15.31 17.22 16.16 13.50 12.65 12.05 14.60
变异来源
Source of
variation		 品种Varieties (V) ** ** ** ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ns ** ** ** ** **
品种×密度 (V×D) ns ns ns ** * **
品种×年份 (V×Y) ns ** * ** ** **
密度×年份 (D×Y) ns ns ns ns ns ns

表3

种植度对不同春玉米茎秆节间干物质的影响"

品种
Varieties		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
节间干重
Internode dry weight
(g)		 单位茎长干重
Dry weight per unit stem length (g cm-1)		 节间干重
Internode dry weight
(g)		 单位茎长干重
Dry weight per unit stem length (g cm-1)
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 9.61 a 10.17 a 7.80 a 0.70 a 0.54 a 0.41 a 9.19 a 8.00 b 4.98 a 0.71 a 0.46 ab 0.40 a
D2 8.54 b 9.59 a 7.28 a 0.62 a 0.48 b 0.35 b 9.22 a 9.21 a 5.54 a 0.70 a 0.49 a 0.35 a
D3 7.40 c 8.16 b 6.15 b 0.52 b 0.39 c 0.30 c 7.94 b 7.67 b 4.79 ab 0.56 b 0.39 bc 0.30 b
D4 6.50 d 7.56 bc 5.96 b 0.42 c 0.34 d 0.27 c 7.27 b 6.45 c 4.64 ab 0.46 c 0.32 cd 0.27 bc
D5 6.36 d 6.79 cd 4.98 c 0.39 c 0.32 de 0.23 d 6.35 c 6.29 c 3.92 b 0.41 c 0.29 de 0.23 cd
D6 6.18 d 6.16 d 4.49 c 0.37 c 0.28 e 0.22 d 5.35 d 5.13 d 2.86 c 0.31 d 0.23 e 0.19 d
平均值Mean 7.43 8.07 6.11 0.51 0.39 0.30 7.55 7.12 4.46 0.52 0.36 0.23
变异系数CV (%) 21.57 21.90 27.66 27.30 27.56 28.72 27.03 29.50 34.76 34.59 34.47 34.50
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 8.05 a 9.77 a 9.43 a 0.97 a 0.69 a 0.55 a 9.29 a 9.04 a 7.24 a 1.04 a 0.74 a 0.28 a
D2 6.74 b 9.27 a 8.05 b 0.68 b 0.59 b 0.46 b 7.65 b 7.31 b 5.96 ab 0.79 b 0.58 b 0.28 a
D3 5.54 c 7.14 b 6.13 c 0.45 c 0.38 c 0.37 c 7.17 b 7.40 b 5.61 bc 0.65 c 0.50 bc 0.25 a
D4 5.31 cd 5.83 c 5.39 cd 0.41 cd 0.34 cd 0.30 d 5.80 c 6.03 c 4.78 cd 0.58 c 0.44 cd 0.23 ab
D5 4.71 de 6.06 c 5.09 de 0.36 d 0.32 de 0.26 de 5.60 c 5.73 c 4.41 de 0.48 d 0.37 d 0.19 bc
D6 4.40 e 5.42 c 4.30 e 0.35 d 0.30 e 0.24 e 4.73 d 4.38 d 3.70 e 0.38 e 0.28 e 0.15 c
平均值Mean 5.79 7.25 6.40 0.54 0.44 0.36 6.71 6.65 5.28 0.65 0.49 0.35
变异系数CV (%) 25.87 27.74 31.86 46.27 36.72 34.60 28.67 32.94 36.77 41.67 41.15 38.79
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种Varieties (V) ** ** * ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) * ** ** ** ns **
品种×密度 (V×D) ns ns ns ** * *
品种×年份 (V×Y) ns ns ns ns * *
密度×年份 (D×Y) ns ns ns ns ns ns

图2

密度对玉米茎秆节间横截面积和横截面扁率的影响(2019年) 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。 D1、D2、D3、D4、D5和D6分别代表种植密度3.0×104、4.5×104、6.0×104、7.5×104、9.0×104和10.5×104株 hm-2。XY1171: 先玉1171; XZY801: 新中玉801。"

表4

不同春玉米茎秆穿刺强度、抗折力方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variation		 穿刺强度Rind penetration strength 抗折力Bending strength
3 5 7 3 5 7
品种Varieties (V) ** ns ns ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ns * ** ** ** **
品种×密度V×D ns ns ns * ** **
品种×年份V×Y ns ** ** * ns ns
密度×年份D×Y ns ns ns ** ** **

图3

种植密度与茎秆穿刺强度、抗折力之间的关系 缩写同图2。"

表5

不同春玉米品种倒伏率和空秆率方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variation		 倒伏率
Lodging rate		 空秆率
Empty shot rate
品种 Varieties (V) ** **
密度 Density (D) ** **
年份 Year (Y) ** ns
品种×密度 (V×D) * ns
品种×年份 (V×Y) ** ns
密度×年份 (D×Y) ** ns

图4

种植密度与倒伏率、空秆率的关系 缩写同图2。"

表6

种植密度对不同春玉米产量及其构成的影响"

品种
Varieties		 密度
Density		 2018 2019
有效穗数
Ear number		 穗粒数
Kernels
per ear		 百粒重
100-kernel
weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 有效穗数
Ear number		 穗粒数
Kernels
per ear		 百粒重
100-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 D1 45,959.6 d 767.4 a 36.8 a 9145.3 b 29,798.0 f 730.3 a 33.7 a 6345.4 d
D2 50,505.1 d 754.4 a 36.4 a 10,232.1 b 43,602.7 e 716.0 a 31.4 ab 9561.8 c
D3 61,279.5 d 749.1 a 33.8 b 11,811.2 a 55,892.3 d 685.6 ab 30.8 ab 10,350.4 b
D4 72,727.3 b 653.8 b 32.6 bc 11,891.7 a 70,033.7 c 658.3 b 29.4 b 11,609.4 a
D5 76,936 b 684.7 b 33.2 bc 13,051.3 a 79,292.9 b 637.9 b 29.4 b 11,858.6 a
D6 87,878.8 a 677.0 b 31.2 c 11,957.9 a 93,939.4 a 633.2 b 29.0 b 12,358.7 a
新中玉801
Xinzhongyu 801		 D1 43,266.0 c 828.3 a 41.3 a 8177.7 c 37,037.0 f 669.1 a 36.6 a 8219.4 c
D2 48,989.9 c 794.8 a 39.0 a 9046.9 bc 46,127.9 e 646.6 a 36.4 a 9629.5 b
D3 62,626.3 ab 633.3 b 39.9 a 11,357.4 a 57,070.7 d 627.1 a 36.3 a 10,744.7 a
D4 61,784.5 b 577.3 b 36.1 b 10,283.6 ab 67,340.1 c 566.2 b 34.4 ab 10,744.6 a
D5 66,330.0 ab 579.4 b 35.6 b 10,667.6 a 79,124.6 b 511.4 c 33.6 ab 11,305.1 a
D6 71,548.8 a 611.2 b 34.1 b 11,055.9 a 91,077.4 a 436.0 d 32.6 b 10,664.1 a
变异来源
Source of variation		 品种Varieties (V) * ** ** **
密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
年份Year (Y) ns ** ** ns
品种×密度 (V×D) ns * ns ns
品种×年份 (V×Y) ** * ns *
密度×年份 (D×Y) ** ns ns ns

表7

种植密度与春玉米产量及其构成因素回归关系"

项目
Item		 品种
Varieties		 回归方程
Regression equation		 R2
产量
Grain yield		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y= -112.4x2 + 2096.3x + 2555.5 0.8331**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = -89.6x2 + 1547.3x + 4385.2 0.8589**
有效穗数
Ear number		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y = 7069.1x + 16,271 0.9955**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = 5448.1x + 24,252 0.9909**
穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y = -14.2x + 792.6 0.9046**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = -25.4x + 757.1 0.8519**
百粒重
100-kernel weight		 先玉1171 Xianyu 1171 y = -0.7x + 36.8 0.9227**
新中玉801 Xinzhongyu 801 y = -0.8x + 41.5 0.9227**

表8

茎秆形态、力学特性与倒伏率、产量之间的相关性分析"

指标
Item		 倒伏率
Lodging rate		 穿刺强度
Rind penetration strength		 抗折力
Bending strength		 产量
Grain yield
空秆率Empty shot rate -0.34 -0.51** -0.29 -0.56**
株高Plant height 0.76** -0.14 -0.25 0.48*
穗位高 Ear height 0.88** -0.56** -0.32 0.77**
穗位系数Ear position coefficient 0.01 -0.51** -0.05 0.31
节间长Internode length 0.75** -0.39 -0.53** 0.59**
节间粗Internode stem thickness -0.54** 0.64** 0.88** -0.63**
节间干重Internode dry weight -0.34 0.82** 0.76** -0.63**
单位茎长干重Dry weight under length -0.60** 0.81** 0.83** -0.80**
节间横截面积Cross-sectional area -0.82** 0.49* 0.97** -0.52**
横截面扁率Cross section flatness -0.59** -0.08 0.47* -0.04
穿刺强度Rind penetration strength -0.55** — — -0.83**
抗折力Bending strength -0.41* 0.61** — -0.58**
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