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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1292-1304.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23046

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于夏玉米产量和氮素利用的水氮减量方案优选

李慧1,2(), 王旭敏1,2, 刘苗1,2, 刘朋召1,2, 李巧丽1,2, 王小利1,2, 王瑞1,2, 李军1,2,*()   

  1. 1西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    2农业农村部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-01 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-05-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-17
  • 通讯作者: *李军, E-mail: junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 17852021052@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02);国家自然科学基金项目(31801300)

Water and nitrogen reduction scheme optimization based on yield and nitrogen utilization of summer maize

LI Hui1,2(), WANG Xu-Min1,2, LIU Miao1,2, LIU Peng-Zhao1,2, LI Qiao-Li1,2, WANG Xiao-Li1,2, WANG Rui1,2, LI Jun1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    2Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2022-06-01 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-05-12 Published online:2022-09-17
  • Contact: *E-mail: junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD22B02);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801300)

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摘要：

针对当前夏玉米生产中水氮投入不合理, 缺少综合夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量对水氮优化管理模式评价的问题, 运用层次分析法、熵权法、博弈论组合赋权计算各指标权重, 使用TOPSIS法建立模型对水氮减量方案进行综合评价, 为关中平原夏玉米节水节肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2018—2020年在陕西杨凌开展水、氮二因素裂区田间试验。设置3个灌溉处理, 以传统灌水量(800 m3 hm-2, W2)为对照、在此基础上减50% (400 m3 hm-2, W1)和减100% (0 m3 hm-2, W0)。每个灌溉量下设5个施氮梯度, 以传统施氮量(300 kg hm-2, N300)为对照、在此基础上减25% (225 kg hm-2, N225)、减50% (150 kg hm-2, N150)、减75% (75 kg hm-2, N75)和减100% (0)。分析不同水氮减量处理夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量, 使用TOPSIS法建模选优。与对照W2N300相比, W1N225增产效果最明显, 增产率为5.4%, W2N225、W2N150、W1N150也表现出明显的增产效应, 增产率分别为2.4%、0.7%、0.3%。W1N225、W1N150可以显著提高氮肥农学效率、氮肥回收效率、氮肥偏生产力, 2018年NAE、NRE、NPFP分别比传统模式提高29.7%、16.2%、24.5%, 36.5%、25.4%、28.8%; 2019年分别提高53.4%、36.7%、32.8%, 46.5%、35.2%、47.4%; 2020年分别提高43.6%、37.3%、48.0%, 66.9%、43.1%、54.5%。W1N225、W1N150土壤硝态氮残留量比传统水氮管理模式减少28.6%、53.8%。使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价, 发现氮肥减量25%~50%、灌水减少50%时各指标评价值最高, 水氮减量(中水中肥)优于高水高肥, 高水高肥优于低水低肥, 高水低肥优于低水高肥。通过TOPSIS法模拟寻优得出灌水量为W1 (400 m3 hm-2)施氮量为200 kg hm-2时综合评价值最优。因此, 在关中平原灌溉区, 灌水减量50% (400 m3 hm-2)、施氮减少33.3% (200 kg hm-2)可以实现关中平原夏玉米生产节水减肥环保增效的目标。

关键词: 夏玉米, 水氮减量, 氮素利用, 产量, TOPSIS法

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to solve the problems of excessive water and nitrogen input in current summer maize cropping system and lacking comprehensive evaluation approach and evaluate the current water and nitrogen management scheme for yield, nitrogen utilization of summer maize and soil nitrate nitrogen content. AHP, entropy method, and game theory were combined to determine index weight, TOPSIS was used to evaluate water and nitrogen reduction scheme, thus the results can provide a theoretical basis for water-saving, nitrogen-reducing and high efficient cultivation scheme of summer maize in Guanzhong plain. The two-factor split-plot field experiment during 2018-2020 was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province, where three irrigation levels were traditional 800 m3 hm-2 (W2) as the control, reduced to 400 m3 hm-2 (W1), and no irrigation (W0). Each water treatment was the five N rate treatments [300 kg hm-2 (N300) as the control, reduced 25% (225 kg hm-2), reduced 50% (150 kg hm-2), reduced 75% (75 kg hm-2), and no N fertilizer (0)]. Maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil nitrate nitrogen content under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments were analyzed and to choose optimal scheme with modeling by TOPSIS. Compared with W2N300 (CK), W1N225 had best effect on yield, and increased significantly by 5.4%. Meanwhile, W2N225, W2N150, and W1N150 had significantly effect on yield, and increased significantly by 2.4%, 0.7%, and 0.3%, respectively. W1N225 and W1N150 enhanced the N-use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity, and increased significantly by 29.7%, 16.2%, 24.5%; 36.5%, 25.4%, 28.8%; 53.4%, 36.7%, 32.8%; 46.5%, 35.2%, 47.4%; 43.6%, 37.3%, 48.0%; and 66.9%, 43.1%, 54.5% than CK in 2018, 2019, 2020, respectively. W1N225, W1N150 reduced soil nitrate nitrogen leaching, and decreased by 28.6% and 53.8% than CK, respectively. Using TOPSIS for comprehensive evaluation, it was found that the evaluation value of each index was the highest when nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 25%-50% (with nitrogen application rate of 150-225 kg hm-2) and irrigation water was reduced by 50% (irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 in jointing stage). Water and nitrogen reduction (medium fertilizer in middle water) were better than high water and high fertilizer, high water and high fertilizer were better than low water and low fertilizer, and high water and low fertilizer were better than low water and high fertilizer. Through TOPSIS optimization, the comprehensive evaluation value was the best when the irrigation amount was W1 (irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 at jointing stage) and the nitrogen application amount was 200 kg hm-2. Therefore, reduced irrigation (irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 in jointing stage) and reduced 33.3% nitrogen (with nitrogen application rate of 200 kg hm-2) mode can be used to realize the water-saving and nitrogen reduction production of summer maize in Guanzhong Plain.

Key words: summer maize, irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer reduction, nitrogen use efficiency, yield, technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution

表1

试验地0~60 cm土层基础理化性状"

土层
Depth
(cm)		 有机质
SOM
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 硝态氮
Nitrate N
(mg kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 全钾
Total K
(g kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 容重
Soil bulk density (g cm-3)
0-20 19.06 1.24 12.46 0.99 27.59 10.85 243.87 1.20
20-40 15.03 1.00 14.53 0.86 15.06 10.59 222.31 1.38
40-60 10.95 0.79 23.08 0.62 3.54 9.90 193.96 1.49

图1

夏玉米生长季月降雨量"

表2

不同水氮减量处理下夏玉米产量"

处理
Treatment		 产量Yield (kg hm-2) 平均
Mean		 增产率
Increase rate (%)
2018 2019 2020
W2N300 9802.0 b 9925.9 b 9435.7 c 9722.4 c —
W2N225 10,016.0 a 9982.2 b 9867.4 b 9955.2 b 2.4 b
W2N150 9707.4 b 9664.0 c 10,014.0 b 9795.2 bc 0.7 c
W2N75 8612.3 d 9259.0 d 8955.8 e 8942.4 d -8.0 e
W2N0 7322.7 f 6891.2 i 7823.2 h 7345.5 g -24.4 i
W1N300 9619.5 b 10,508.0 a 10,347.7 a 10,158.4 a 4.5 a
W1N225 9729.4 b 10,451.2 a 10,543.9 a 10,244.8 a 5.4 a
W1N150 9358.6 c 9556.1 c 10,377.4 a 9753.0 c 0.3 d
W1N75 8652.3 d 8705.2 e 9254.1 d 8870.5 d -8.8 f
W1N0 7065.4 g 6865.3 i 7927.0 h 7285.9 g -25.1 j
W0N300 8257.1 e 8444.3 g 8761.1 f 8487.5 e -12.7 g
W0N225 8107.3 e 8675.6 ef 8966.3 e 8583.4 e -11.7 g
W0N150 8045.1 e 8481.5 fg 9112.5 de 8546.4 e -12.1 g
W0N75 7422.3 f 7871.1 h 8148.7 g 7814.0 f -19.6 h
W0N0 6160.6 h 5251.9 j 6932.6 i 6114.7 h -37.1 k
方差分析ANOVA
W *** *** ** *** ***
N *** * *** *** ***
W×N ** NS * *** ***

表3

不同水氮减量处理下夏玉米地上部吸氮量和氮素利用效率"

处理
Treatment		 2018 2019 2020
N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 NAE
(kg kg-1)		 NRE
(%)		 NPFP
(kg kg-1)		 N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 NAE
(kg kg-1)		 NRE
(%)		 NPFP
(kg kg-1)		 N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 NAE
(kg kg-1)		 NRE
(%)		 NPFP
(kg kg-1)
W2N300 227.5 a 8.3 e 30.6 f 32.7 g 213.7 a 10.1 f 24.9 f 33.1 h 191.6 a 5.4 f 24.8 f 31.5 hi
W2N225 221.8 a 12.0 d 38.2 de 44.5 e 213.0 a 13.7 de 32.9 e 44.4 f 193.0 a 9.1 d 33.7 e 43.9 g
W2N150 201.9 b 15.9 b 44.0 c 64.7 c 213.2 a 18.5 bc 49.5 b 64.4 d 172.2 b 14.6 b 36.7 de 66.8 d
W2N75 169.3 e 17.2 b 44.6 c 114.8 a 168.7 e 18.2 bc 45.0 c 123.5 a 155.2 c 15.1 b 50.9 b 119.4 b
W2N0 135.8 i — — — 139.0 i — — — 117.0 f — — —
W1N300 202.9 b 8.5 e 28.6 f 32.1 g 190.6 b 12.1 ef 24.3 f 35.0 h 191.6 a 8.1 de 26.3 f 34.5 h
W1N225 199.3 b 11.8 d 36.5 e 43.3 e 192.7 b 15.9 cd 33.4 e 46.5 f 196.6 a 11.6 c 39.2 d 46.9 f
W1N150 188.1 c 15.5 bc 47.2 c 62.2 c 177.2 c 17.9 bc 39.7 d 63.7 d 173.9 b 16.3 ab 43.6 c 69.2 d
W1N75 183.8 d 21.2 a 88.8 a 115.4 a 154.4 h 24.5 a 49.0 b 116.1 b 150.4 cd 17.7 a 56.0 a 123.4 a
W1N0 117.2 j — — — 117.7 j — — — 108.4 fg — — —
W0N300 158.8 g 7.0 e 19.0 g 27.5 h 177.1 c 9.6 f 24.2 f 28.2 i 143.7 d 6.1 ef 13.8 g 29.2 i
W0N225 182.6 d 8.7 e 35.9 e 36.0 f 172.5 d 13.9 de 30.2 e 38.6 g 154.9 c 9.0 d 23.3 f 39.9 g
W0N150 162.0 f 12.6 cd 40.1 d 53.6 d 164.5 f 19.5 b 40.0 d 56.5 e 141.5 d 14.5 b 26.1 f 60.8 e
W0N75 150.6 h 16.8 b 65.0 b 99.0 b 160.3 g 22.9 a 74.4 a 105.0 c 129.7 e 16.2 ab 36.4 de 108.6 c
W0N0 101.8 k — — — 104.5 k — — — 102.4 g — — —
W *** ** *** *** *** * *** *** *** ** *** **
N *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
W×N ** NS *** *** *** NS *** *** *** NS NS NS

图2

2018-2020年玉米收获后0~200 cm、0~300 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量剖面图 N300: 施氮量为300 kg hm-2; N225: 施氮量为225 kg hm-2; N150: 施氮量为150 kg hm-2; N75: 施氮量为75 kg hm-2; N0: 施氮量为0 kg hm-2; W2: 拔节期和抽雄期共灌水800 m3 hm-2; W1: 拔节期灌水 400 m3 hm-2; W0: 不灌水, *表示在0.05概率水平差异显著, **表示在0.01概率水平差异显著, ***表示在0.001概率水平差异显著。"

图3

不同水氮减量处理下玉米田0~200 cm土层硝态残留量 N300: 施氮量为300 kg hm-2; N225: 施氮量为225 kg hm-2; N150: 施氮量为 150 kg hm-2; N75: 施氮量为75 kg hm-2; N0: 施氮量为0 kg hm-2; W2: 拔节期和抽雄期共灌水800 m3 hm-2; W1: 拔节期灌水400 m3 hm-2; W0: 不灌水。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

不同水氮减量处理下玉米田0~300 cm土层硝态残留量 N300: 施氮量为 300 kg hm-2; N225: 施氮量为 225 kg hm-2; N150: 施氮量为 150 kg hm-2; N75: 施氮量为 75 kg hm-2; N0: 施氮量为 0 kg hm-2; W2: 拔节期和抽雄期共灌水 800 m3 hm-2; W1: 拔节期灌水 400 m3 hm-2; W0: 不灌水。同列数据后不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表4

夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率和0~200 cm土层硝态氮残留量与施氮量的回归分析模型"

灌水
Irrigation		 项目
Item		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数
Coefficient of determination
W2 Y y = 7351.3+21.5x-0.045x2 0.928***
NR y = 97.5+1.7x+0.0039x2 0.874***
NAE y = 21.0-0.042x 0.736***
NRE y = 55.2-0.092x 0.790***
NPFP y = 135.7-0.38x 0.880***
W1 Y y = 7579.7+24.1x-0.055x2 0.823***
NR y = 135.5+1.5x+0.0036x2 0.887***
NAE y = 24.6-0.051x 0.800***
NRE y = 73.2-0.16x 0.638**
NPFP y = 133.9-0.36x 0.871***
W0 Y y = 6194.0+23.7x-0.054x2 0.783***
NR y = 70.6+1.5x+0.0038x2 0.989***
NAE y = 22.6-0.051x 0.709***
NRE y = 66.8-0.17x 0.617**
NPFP y = 118.5-0.33x 0.873***

图5

贴合度与不同指标的相关性分析 Di: 贴合度; B11: 产量; B21: 吸氮量; B22: 氮肥农学效率; B23: 氮肥回收效率; B24: 氮肥偏生产力; B31: 硝态残留量。*表示在0.05概率水平差异显著, **表示在0.01概率水平差异显著, ***表示在0.001概率水平差异显著。"

表5

基于 TOPSIS 法确定的不同水氮处理的贴近度和综合排序"

处理
Treatment		 2018 2019 2020
D+ D- Di 排序
Rank		 D+ D- Di 排序
Rank		 D+ D- Di 排序
Rank
W2N300 0.217 0.348 0.616 d 7 0.213 0.509 0.705 e 7 0.252 0.259 0.507 f 10
W2N225 0.164 0.374 0.695 bc 4 0.193 0.516 0.728 de 6 0.207 0.308 0.598 d 7
W2N150 0.132 0.343 0.722 b 2 0.125 0.498 0.800 ab 2 0.173 0.374 0.683 c 5
W2N75 0.153 0.317 0.674 c 5 0.143 0.471 0.767 c 4 0.155 0.334 0.683 c 4
W2N0 0.333 0.185 0.357 g 13 0.408 0.252 0.381 i 14 0.344 0.214 0.384 h 12
W1N300 0.228 0.326 0.588 d 8 0.186 0.571 0.754 cd 5 0.135 0.347 0.720 b 3
W1N225 0.111 0.369 0.769 a 1 0.133 0.570 0.811 a 1 0.129 0.346 0.728 b 2
W1N150 0.132 0.335 0.718 b 3 0.138 0.484 0.778 bc 3 0.102 0.387 0.792 a 1
W1N75 0.167 0.345 0.673 c 6 0.202 0.414 0.672 f 8 0.223 0.340 0.604 d 6
W1N0 0.354 0.176 0.332 g 14 0.412 0.254 0.382 i 13 0.339 0.203 0.374 h 13
W0N300 0.253 0.212 0.456 f 12 0.293 0.349 0.544 h 11 0.309 0.184 0.374 h 14
W0N225 0.235 0.221 0.485 ef 11 0.247 0.379 0.605 g 9 0.265 0.216 0.449 g 11
W0N150 0.223 0.231 0.508 e 9 0.243 0.370 0.604 g 10 0.215 0.253 0.541 e 8
W0N75 0.247 0.244 0.497 e 10 0.292 0.331 0.531 h 12 0.242 0.259 0.517 ef 9
W0N0 0.419 0.168 0.286 h 15 0.581 0.188 0.245 j 15 0.411 0.191 0.317 i 15

图6

不同灌水条件下综合评价贴合度与施氮量的关系 W2: 拔节期和抽雄期共灌水 800 m3 hm-2; W1: 拔节期灌水 400 m3 hm-2; W0: 不灌水。"

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