基于夏玉米产量和氮素利用的水氮减量方案优选

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23046

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1292-1304.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23046

基于夏玉米产量和氮素利用的水氮减量方案优选

李慧¹^,²(), 王旭敏¹^,², 刘苗¹^,², 刘朋召¹^,², 李巧丽¹^,², 王小利¹^,², 王瑞¹^,², 李军¹^,²^,^*()

¹西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
²农业农村部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2022-06-01 接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2023-05-12 网络出版日期:2022-09-17
通讯作者: *李军, E-mail: junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn
作者简介:E-mail: 17852021052@163.com
基金资助:
国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02);国家自然科学基金项目(31801300)

Water and nitrogen reduction scheme optimization based on yield and nitrogen utilization of summer maize

LI Hui¹^,²(), WANG Xu-Min¹^,², LIU Miao¹^,², LIU Peng-Zhao¹^,², LI Qiao-Li¹^,², WANG Xiao-Li¹^,², WANG Rui¹^,², LI Jun¹^,²^,^*()

¹College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
²Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Received:2022-06-01 Accepted:2022-09-05 Published:2023-05-12 Published online:2022-09-17
Contact: *E-mail: junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD22B02);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801300)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对当前夏玉米生产中水氮投入不合理, 缺少综合夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量对水氮优化管理模式评价的问题, 运用层次分析法、熵权法、博弈论组合赋权计算各指标权重, 使用TOPSIS法建立模型对水氮减量方案进行综合评价, 为关中平原夏玉米节水节肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2018—2020年在陕西杨凌开展水、氮二因素裂区田间试验。设置3个灌溉处理, 以传统灌水量(800 m³ hm^-2, W2)为对照、在此基础上减50% (400 m³ hm^-2, W1)和减100% (0 m³ hm^-2, W0)。每个灌溉量下设5个施氮梯度, 以传统施氮量(300 kg hm^-2, N300)为对照、在此基础上减25% (225 kg hm^-2, N225)、减50% (150 kg hm^-2, N150)、减75% (75 kg hm^-2, N75)和减100% (0)。分析不同水氮减量处理夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量, 使用TOPSIS法建模选优。与对照W2N300相比, W1N225增产效果最明显, 增产率为5.4%, W2N225、W2N150、W1N150也表现出明显的增产效应, 增产率分别为2.4%、0.7%、0.3%。W1N225、W1N150可以显著提高氮肥农学效率、氮肥回收效率、氮肥偏生产力, 2018年NAE、NRE、NPFP分别比传统模式提高29.7%、16.2%、24.5%, 36.5%、25.4%、28.8%; 2019年分别提高53.4%、36.7%、32.8%, 46.5%、35.2%、47.4%; 2020年分别提高43.6%、37.3%、48.0%, 66.9%、43.1%、54.5%。W1N225、W1N150土壤硝态氮残留量比传统水氮管理模式减少28.6%、53.8%。使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价, 发现氮肥减量25%~50%、灌水减少50%时各指标评价值最高, 水氮减量(中水中肥)优于高水高肥, 高水高肥优于低水低肥, 高水低肥优于低水高肥。通过TOPSIS法模拟寻优得出灌水量为W1 (400 m³ hm^-2)施氮量为200 kg hm^-2时综合评价值最优。因此, 在关中平原灌溉区, 灌水减量50% (400 m³ hm^-2)、施氮减少33.3% (200 kg hm^-2)可以实现关中平原夏玉米生产节水减肥环保增效的目标。

关键词: 夏玉米, 水氮减量, 氮素利用, 产量, TOPSIS法

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to solve the problems of excessive water and nitrogen input in current summer maize cropping system and lacking comprehensive evaluation approach and evaluate the current water and nitrogen management scheme for yield, nitrogen utilization of summer maize and soil nitrate nitrogen content. AHP, entropy method, and game theory were combined to determine index weight, TOPSIS was used to evaluate water and nitrogen reduction scheme, thus the results can provide a theoretical basis for water-saving, nitrogen-reducing and high efficient cultivation scheme of summer maize in Guanzhong plain. The two-factor split-plot field experiment during 2018-2020 was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province, where three irrigation levels were traditional 800 m³ hm^-2 (W2) as the control, reduced to 400 m³ hm^-2 (W1), and no irrigation (W0). Each water treatment was the five N rate treatments [300 kg hm^-2 (N300) as the control, reduced 25% (225 kg hm^-2), reduced 50% (150 kg hm^-2), reduced 75% (75 kg hm^-2), and no N fertilizer (0)]. Maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil nitrate nitrogen content under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments were analyzed and to choose optimal scheme with modeling by TOPSIS. Compared with W2N300 (CK), W1N225 had best effect on yield, and increased significantly by 5.4%. Meanwhile, W2N225, W2N150, and W1N150 had significantly effect on yield, and increased significantly by 2.4%, 0.7%, and 0.3%, respectively. W1N225 and W1N150 enhanced the N-use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity, and increased significantly by 29.7%, 16.2%, 24.5%; 36.5%, 25.4%, 28.8%; 53.4%, 36.7%, 32.8%; 46.5%, 35.2%, 47.4%; 43.6%, 37.3%, 48.0%; and 66.9%, 43.1%, 54.5% than CK in 2018, 2019, 2020, respectively. W1N225, W1N150 reduced soil nitrate nitrogen leaching, and decreased by 28.6% and 53.8% than CK, respectively. Using TOPSIS for comprehensive evaluation, it was found that the evaluation value of each index was the highest when nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 25%-50% (with nitrogen application rate of 150-225 kg hm^-2) and irrigation water was reduced by 50% (irrigated 400 m³ hm^-2 in jointing stage). Water and nitrogen reduction (medium fertilizer in middle water) were better than high water and high fertilizer, high water and high fertilizer were better than low water and low fertilizer, and high water and low fertilizer were better than low water and high fertilizer. Through TOPSIS optimization, the comprehensive evaluation value was the best when the irrigation amount was W1 (irrigated 400 m³ hm^-2 at jointing stage) and the nitrogen application amount was 200 kg hm^-2. Therefore, reduced irrigation (irrigated 400 m³ hm^-2in jointing stage) and reduced 33.3% nitrogen (with nitrogen application rate of 200 kg hm^-2) mode can be used to realize the water-saving and nitrogen reduction production of summer maize in Guanzhong Plain.

Key words: summer maize, irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer reduction, nitrogen use efficiency, yield, technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution

李慧, 王旭敏, 刘苗, 刘朋召, 李巧丽, 王小利, 王瑞, 李军. 基于夏玉米产量和氮素利用的水氮减量方案优选[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(5): 1292-1304.

LI Hui, WANG Xu-Min, LIU Miao, LIU Peng-Zhao, LI Qiao-Li, WANG Xiao-Li, WANG Rui, LI Jun. Water and nitrogen reduction scheme optimization based on yield and nitrogen utilization of summer maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(5): 1292-1304.

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土层 Depth (cm)	有机质 SOM (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate N (mg kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)	容重 Soil bulk density (g cm^-3)
0-20	19.06	1.24	12.46	0.99	27.59	10.85	243.87	1.20
20-40	15.03	1.00	14.53	0.86	15.06	10.59	222.31	1.38
40-60	10.95	0.79	23.08	0.62	3.54	9.90	193.96	1.49

处理 Treatment	产量Yield (kg hm^-2)			平均 Mean	增产率 Increase rate (%)
处理 Treatment	2018	2019	2020	平均 Mean	增产率 Increase rate (%)
W2N300	9802.0 b	9925.9 b	9435.7 c	9722.4 c	—
W2N225	10,016.0 a	9982.2 b	9867.4 b	9955.2 b	2.4 b
W2N150	9707.4 b	9664.0 c	10,014.0 b	9795.2 bc	0.7 c
W2N75	8612.3 d	9259.0 d	8955.8 e	8942.4 d	-8.0 e
W2N0	7322.7 f	6891.2 i	7823.2 h	7345.5 g	-24.4 i
W1N300	9619.5 b	10,508.0 a	10,347.7 a	10,158.4 a	4.5 a
W1N225	9729.4 b	10,451.2 a	10,543.9 a	10,244.8 a	5.4 a
W1N150	9358.6 c	9556.1 c	10,377.4 a	9753.0 c	0.3 d
W1N75	8652.3 d	8705.2 e	9254.1 d	8870.5 d	-8.8 f
W1N0	7065.4 g	6865.3 i	7927.0 h	7285.9 g	-25.1 j
W0N300	8257.1 e	8444.3 g	8761.1 f	8487.5 e	-12.7 g
W0N225	8107.3 e	8675.6 ef	8966.3 e	8583.4 e	-11.7 g
W0N150	8045.1 e	8481.5 fg	9112.5 de	8546.4 e	-12.1 g
W0N75	7422.3 f	7871.1 h	8148.7 g	7814.0 f	-19.6 h
W0N0	6160.6 h	5251.9 j	6932.6 i	6114.7 h	-37.1 k
方差分析ANOVA
W	***	***	**	***	***
N	***	*	***	***	***
W×N	**	NS	*	***	***

处理 Treatment	2018				2019				2020
处理 Treatment	N uptake (kg hm^-2)	NAE (kg kg^-1)	NRE (%)	NPFP (kg kg^-1)	N uptake (kg hm^-2)	NAE (kg kg^-1)	NRE (%)	NPFP (kg kg^-1)	N uptake (kg hm^-2)	NAE (kg kg^-1)	NRE (%)	NPFP (kg kg^-1)
W2N300	227.5 a	8.3 e	30.6 f	32.7 g	213.7 a	10.1 f	24.9 f	33.1 h	191.6 a	5.4 f	24.8 f	31.5 hi
W2N225	221.8 a	12.0 d	38.2 de	44.5 e	213.0 a	13.7 de	32.9 e	44.4 f	193.0 a	9.1 d	33.7 e	43.9 g
W2N150	201.9 b	15.9 b	44.0 c	64.7 c	213.2 a	18.5 bc	49.5 b	64.4 d	172.2 b	14.6 b	36.7 de	66.8 d
W2N75	169.3 e	17.2 b	44.6 c	114.8 a	168.7 e	18.2 bc	45.0 c	123.5 a	155.2 c	15.1 b	50.9 b	119.4 b
W2N0	135.8 i	—	—	—	139.0 i	—	—	—	117.0 f	—	—	—
W1N300	202.9 b	8.5 e	28.6 f	32.1 g	190.6 b	12.1 ef	24.3 f	35.0 h	191.6 a	8.1 de	26.3 f	34.5 h
W1N225	199.3 b	11.8 d	36.5 e	43.3 e	192.7 b	15.9 cd	33.4 e	46.5 f	196.6 a	11.6 c	39.2 d	46.9 f
W1N150	188.1 c	15.5 bc	47.2 c	62.2 c	177.2 c	17.9 bc	39.7 d	63.7 d	173.9 b	16.3 ab	43.6 c	69.2 d
W1N75	183.8 d	21.2 a	88.8 a	115.4 a	154.4 h	24.5 a	49.0 b	116.1 b	150.4 cd	17.7 a	56.0 a	123.4 a
W1N0	117.2 j	—	—	—	117.7 j	—	—	—	108.4 fg	—	—	—
W0N300	158.8 g	7.0 e	19.0 g	27.5 h	177.1 c	9.6 f	24.2 f	28.2 i	143.7 d	6.1 ef	13.8 g	29.2 i
W0N225	182.6 d	8.7 e	35.9 e	36.0 f	172.5 d	13.9 de	30.2 e	38.6 g	154.9 c	9.0 d	23.3 f	39.9 g
W0N150	162.0 f	12.6 cd	40.1 d	53.6 d	164.5 f	19.5 b	40.0 d	56.5 e	141.5 d	14.5 b	26.1 f	60.8 e
W0N75	150.6 h	16.8 b	65.0 b	99.0 b	160.3 g	22.9 a	74.4 a	105.0 c	129.7 e	16.2 ab	36.4 de	108.6 c
W0N0	101.8 k	—	—	—	104.5 k	—	—	—	102.4 g	—	—	—
W	***	**	***	***	***	*	***	***	***	**	***	**
N	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***	***
W×N	**	NS	***	***	***	NS	***	***	***	NS	NS	NS

灌水 Irrigation	项目 Item	回归方程 Regression equation	决定系数 Coefficient of determination
W2	Y	y = 7351.3+21.5x-0.045x²	0.928^***
	NR	y = 97.5+1.7x+0.0039x²	0.874^***
	NAE	y = 21.0-0.042x	0.736^***
	NRE	y = 55.2-0.092x	0.790^***
	NPFP	y = 135.7-0.38x	0.880^***
W1	Y	y = 7579.7+24.1x-0.055x²	0.823^***
	NR	y = 135.5+1.5x+0.0036x²	0.887^***
	NAE	y = 24.6-0.051x	0.800^***
	NRE	y = 73.2-0.16x	0.638^**
	NPFP	y = 133.9-0.36x	0.871^***
W0	Y	y = 6194.0+23.7x-0.054x²	0.783^***
	NR	y = 70.6+1.5x+0.0038x²	0.989^***
	NAE	y = 22.6-0.051x	0.709^***
	NRE	y = 66.8-0.17x	0.617^**
	NPFP	y = 118.5-0.33x	0.873^***

处理 Treatment	2018				2019				2020
处理 Treatment	D⁺	D^-	Dⁱ	排序 Rank	D⁺	D^-	Dⁱ	排序 Rank	D⁺	D^-	Dⁱ	排序 Rank
W2N300	0.217	0.348	0.616 d	7	0.213	0.509	0.705 e	7	0.252	0.259	0.507 f	10
W2N225	0.164	0.374	0.695 bc	4	0.193	0.516	0.728 de	6	0.207	0.308	0.598 d	7
W2N150	0.132	0.343	0.722 b	2	0.125	0.498	0.800 ab	2	0.173	0.374	0.683 c	5
W2N75	0.153	0.317	0.674 c	5	0.143	0.471	0.767 c	4	0.155	0.334	0.683 c	4
W2N0	0.333	0.185	0.357 g	13	0.408	0.252	0.381 i	14	0.344	0.214	0.384 h	12
W1N300	0.228	0.326	0.588 d	8	0.186	0.571	0.754 cd	5	0.135	0.347	0.720 b	3
W1N225	0.111	0.369	0.769 a	1	0.133	0.570	0.811 a	1	0.129	0.346	0.728 b	2
W1N150	0.132	0.335	0.718 b	3	0.138	0.484	0.778 bc	3	0.102	0.387	0.792 a	1
W1N75	0.167	0.345	0.673 c	6	0.202	0.414	0.672 f	8	0.223	0.340	0.604 d	6
W1N0	0.354	0.176	0.332 g	14	0.412	0.254	0.382 i	13	0.339	0.203	0.374 h	13
W0N300	0.253	0.212	0.456 f	12	0.293	0.349	0.544 h	11	0.309	0.184	0.374 h	14
W0N225	0.235	0.221	0.485 ef	11	0.247	0.379	0.605 g	9	0.265	0.216	0.449 g	11
W0N150	0.223	0.231	0.508 e	9	0.243	0.370	0.604 g	10	0.215	0.253	0.541 e	8
W0N75	0.247	0.244	0.497 e	10	0.292	0.331	0.531 h	12	0.242	0.259	0.517 ef	9
W0N0	0.419	0.168	0.286 h	15	0.581	0.188	0.245 j	15	0.411	0.191	0.317 i	15

基于夏玉米产量和氮素利用的水氮减量方案优选

Water and nitrogen reduction scheme optimization based on yield and nitrogen utilization of summer maize

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