浅埋滴灌下水氮运筹对春玉米根系衰减特性及产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.33009

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of shallow drip irrigation on the yield and root decay characteristics of spring corn after silking, in the Agricultural and Animal Husbandry High Tech Demonstration Park of Horqin District, Tongliao City from 2017 to 2020, traditional border irrigation conventional nitrogen application (W: 4000 m³ hm^-2, N: 300 kg hm^-2) was used as the control (CK), and drip irrigation quotas were used as the main treatments. Three levels of traditional border irrigation conventional irrigation were set: 40% (W1: 1600 m³ hm^-2), 50% (W2: 2000 m³ hm^-2), and 60% (W3: 2400 m³ hm^-2), Using nitrogen application rate as the secondary treatment, three levels of conventional nitrogen application rate [50% (N1: 150 kg hm^-2), 70% (N2: 210 kg hm^-2), and conventional nitrogen application rate (N3: 300 kg hm^-2)] were set up to determine the changes in spring maize yield under different water and nitrogen treatments. In 2019 and 2020, the BTC-100 micro root monitoring system was used to continuously monitor root system of spring maize in the 0-100 cm soil layer at the 0-50 days stage after silking. The results showed that the yield of spring maize was significantly higher in W3N3 than CK for four consecutive years, and there was not significant difference compared with W3N2, W2N3, and W2N2 treatments. The nitrogen agronomic efficiency of W3N2 was also the highest at the same time. Compared with CK, root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter of W3N3 all increased in 0-60 cm soil layer while root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter were less in 80-100 cm soil layer; the decrease in root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter was lower from 0 d to 50 d after silking in two years, in which the root length density of W3N3 and CK decreased by 10.29% and 8.83%, and 15.04% and 14.08% and the average root decay rate of W3N3 decreased by 5.23% and 4.43% compared with CK. Under the shallow buried drip irrigation, the root length density, the average diameter, and the total root surface area of W3N3 and W3N2 were both higher than those of other treatments, whose decrease extent of average root decay rate were lower in 0-60 cm soil layer and differences were less in 80-100 cm soil layer from 0 day to 50 days after silking; During the 0-50 day stage after silking, the difference of average root decay rate between W3N3 and W3N2 was not significant, and W3N2 decreased by 5.68% and 5.44%, 9.75% and 11.98%, 7.16% and 6.77%, respectively, compared with W3N1, W2N2, and W1N2 in two years. The variance analysis showed that both drip irrigation and nitrogen application had a significant impact on yield and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency. The drip irrigation amount had a significant impact on the root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root decay rate of the 0-60 cm soil layer at the 0-50 day stage after silking. Nitrogen application amount had a significant impact on root length density of the 0-60 cm soil layers at the 0-50 day stage after silking, the total root surface area of the 0-60 cm soil layers at the 0-30 day stage after silking, and the average root decay rate of the 0-40 cm soil layer at the 0-50 day stage after silking. In summary, the root length density, the total root surface area, and the average root diameter of the 0-60 cm soil layers of W3N3 and W3N2 under shallow burying drip irrigation were relatively higher, and the decrease was lower within the 0-50 day stage after silking, the average root decay rate was low, and the yield difference between the two was not significant, however, W3N2 had higher nitrogen agronomic efficiency, which could be recommended as a suitable water and nitrogen application mode for water-saving, high-yield, and efficient cultivation of corn for the irrigation area of the Xiliaohe plain.

Key words: maize, shallow buried drip irrigation, water and nitrogen application, root attenuation, yield

ZHANG Yu-Qin, YANG Heng-Shan, ZHANG Rui-Fu, LI Cong-Feng, TI Jun-Yang, GE Xuan-Liang, YANG Jing-Hong. Effects of water and nitrogen application on root attenuation characteristics and yield of spring maize under shallow buried drip irrigation[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(11): 3074-3089.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 2

Variance analysis of root length density under different water and nitrogen application in shallow drip irrigation"

土层 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	吐丝后天数 Days after silking
土层 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	0 d	10 d	20 d	30 d	40 d	50 d
0-20	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	467.972^**	405.180^**	291.589^**	320.021^**	339.451^**	360.644^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	56.785^**	50.791^**	39.140^**	43.616^**	50.555^**	54.992^**
	年份Year (C)	7.274^*	5.312^*	3.610	3.344	2.903	3.281
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.916	0.841	0.630	0.636	0.588	0.513
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.077	0.027	0.021	0.126	0.025	0.037
20-40	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	252.027^**	228.095^**	256.931^**	210.217^**	240.367^**	270.290^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	11.012^**	11.663^**	14.394^**	13.045^**	16.169^**	19.200^**
	年份Year (C)	1.075	0.877	1.110	1.336	1.386	1.209
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.677	0.701	1.079	0.892	1.071	1.389
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.073	0.067	0.039	0.010	0.007	0.043
40-60	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	729.284^**	734.078^**	742.113^**	601.307^**	562.018^**	686.459^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	69.194^**	79.163^**	80.761^**	75.835^**	76.808^**	100.871^**
	年份Year (C)	8.746^**	7.335^*	7.401^**	5.904^*	5.505^*	6.007^*
	灌量×施氮量A×B	4.963	5.256	5.890^**	6.216^**	7.158^**	9.807^**
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.084	0.028	0.017	0.007	0.001	0.003
60-80	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	2.121	2.301	3.539^*	3.668^*	3.711^*	6.363^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	0.519	0.884	1.298	2.017	2.575	1.784
	年份Year (C)	1.049	0.884	1.303	0.978	0.619	1.748
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.790	0.563	0.693	0.625	0.800	1.554
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0	0.005	0.017	0.002	0.017	0.163
80-100	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	0.293	1.106	3.366^*	5.124^*	0.615	3.146
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	0.891	0.764	1.471	2.351	0.277	1.363
	年份Year (C)	2.907	1.802	1.919	0.881	0.176	1.191
	灌量×施氮量A×B	2.675^*	2.363	3.562^*	3.961^**	0.386	1.702
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.104	0.027	0.011	0.009	0.001	0.011

Table 2

Fig. 4

Table 3

Variance analysis of the total root surface area under different water and nitrogen application in shallow drip irrigation"

深度 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	吐丝后天数 Days after silking
深度 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	0 d	10 d	20 d	30 d	40 d	50 d
0-20	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	1426.422^**	3496.397^**	2945.179^**	1089.132^**	109.027^**	76.852^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	116.350^**	273.314^**	98.636^**	26.146^**	3.102	1.515
	年份Year (C)	38.986^**	167.959^**	137.439^**	32.360^**	2.692	3.526
	灌量×施氮量A×B	5.659^**	7.782^**	25.258^**	7.706^**	1.133	0.467
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	1.749	1.051	2.085	2.318	0.219	0.102
20-40	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	1972.932^**	12,467.822^**	3234.093^**	7635.317^**	47.932^**	56.129^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	120.788^**	907.160^**	75.518^**	386.436^**	3.142	3.099
	年份Year (C)	78.785^**	392.604^**	82.632^**	1.393	0.157	0.759
	灌量×施氮量A×B	7.740^**	32.139^**	15.076^**	66.259^**	0.408	0.300
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	2.693^*	12.871^**	5.714^**	7.975^**	0.019	0.004
40-60	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	1482.564^**	11,612.839^**	5572.517^**	5804.497^**	29.108^**	31.819^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	116.235^**	498.086^**	316.128^**	579.984^**	2.852	3.195
	年份Year (C)	86.850^**	699.943^**	309.187^**	372.158^**	1.821	2.241
	灌量×施氮量A×B	15.678^**	114.741^**	105.435^**	85.864^**	0.425	0.390
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.002	0.746	0.016	0.013	0	0
60-80	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	59.806^**	68.629^**	34.183^**	25.577^**	16.703^**	13.470^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	2.493	1.849	2.840	3.078	1.644	1.337
	年份Year (C)	19.626^**	19.517^**	9.422^**	6.854^*	4.286^*	3.227
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.755	2.721^*	0.972	0.959	1.239	1.386
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0	0.106	0	0	0	0
80-100	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	37.468^**	117.640^**	24.667^**	22.671^**	21.148^**	19.326^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	2.166	3.081	3.818^*	2.587	1.774	3.197
	年份Year (C)	21.698^**	32.852^**	10.246^*	8.447^**	8.442^**	6.456^*
	灌量×施氮量A×B	1.556	4.534^**	0.922	0	0.848	1.268
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0	0.473	0	0	0	0

Table 3

Fig. 5

Table 4

Variance analysis of root mean diameter under different water and nitrogen application in shallow drip irrigation"

土层 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	吐丝后天数 Days after silking
土层 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	0 d	10 d	20 d	30 d	40 d	50 d
0-20	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	221.477^**	104.306^**	168.826^**	67.514^**	115.333^**	16.726^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	12.078^**	4.969^**	3.715	1.704	3.096	0.418
	年份Year (C)	0.275	1.617	0.578	0.938	1.235	0.029
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.657	0.379	0.329	0.367	0.46	0.088
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.976	0.281	0.661	0.331	0.205	0.068
20-40	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	76.94^**	241.468^**	264.564^**	264.446^**	207.159^**	359.881^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	4.086^*	14.935^**	10.707^**	14.892^**	9.094^**	18.946^**
	年份Year (C)	0.651	10.127^**	83.468^**	91.443^**	50.204^**	22.335^**
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.473	1.795	0.895	2.889	1.474	2.456
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.045	0.228	0.601	0.157	0.237	0.896
40-60	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	67.514^**	22.453^**	264.463^**	317.821^**	558.274^**	462.248^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	1.704	1.138	11.421^**	14.964^**	21.970^**	17.927^**
	年份Year (C)	0.938	0.745	6.594^*	0.940	8.119^**	11.159^**
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.367	0.439	5.674^**	4.881^**	11.302^**	10.946^**
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.331	0.057	0.526	1.153	1.886	1.587
60-80	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	11.025^**	25.449^**	9.037^**	7.877^**	6.008^**	8.199^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	1.908	1.355	2.369	2.475	2.281	2.462
	年份Year (C)	0.616	5.004^*	0.039	1.308	0.731	0.188
	灌量×施氮量A×B	2.133	3.068^*	0.595	0.944	0.200	0.493
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.534	1.074	0.682	1.421	0.135	0.425
80-100	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	6.454^**	36.900^**	13.062^**	15.291^**	10.703^**	11.594^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	1.026	4.290^*	1.229	2.987	1.653	2.647
	年份Year (C)	0.732	0.604	0	0.123	0.050	0.841
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.341	0.561	0.193	0.324	0.322	0.235
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.168	0.358	0.355	0.222	0.194	0.134

Table 4

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Table 5

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Table 6

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	吐丝后天数 Days after silking
土层 Soil layer (cm)	差异源 Source of difference	0-10 d	10-20 d	20-30 d	30-40 d	40-50 d
0-20	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	17.074^**	14.140^**	34.225^**	15.816^**	17.767^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	3.460^*	3.792^*	4.803^*	8.572^**	3.336^*
	年份Year (C)	0.003	0.019	0.098	0.048	0.313
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.494	0.212	1.654	1.373	0.218
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.305	0.037	2.311	1.460	0.094
20-40	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	33.334^**	41.379^**	39.093^**	44.169^**	31.560^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	6.355^**	5.656^**	8.782^**	6.856^**	5.836^**
	年份Year (C)	0.051	1.012	2.098	0.001	0.185
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.501	1.598	2.465	0.585	0.727
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.450	1.371	2.087	0.360	0.689
40-60	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	15.753^**	5.490^**	4.798^*	6.483^**	9.718^**
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	4.747^*	0.704	2.562	2.406	3.362^*
	年份Year (C)	0.013	0.087	0.040	0.071	0.005
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.745	0.293	0.332	0.561	0.307
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.475	0.100	0.027	0.032	0.036
60-80	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	5.857^**	5.346^**	1.714	1.279	3.367^*
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	3.790^*	1.450	2.434	0.650	0.610
	年份Year (C)	0	0.958	0.008	0.047	1.177
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.507	0.775	0.632	0.429	1.056
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0	0.498	0.081	0.096	0.589
80-100	灌量Irrigation amount (A)	2.999	1.806	0.630	0.050	0.027
	施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	0.565	0.613	0.417	0.006	0.060
	年份Year (C)	0	0.034	0.294	0.095	1.106
	灌量×施氮量A×B	0.325	0.216	0.169	0.017	0.013
	灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	0.043	0.033	0.027	0.004	0.010

差异源 Source of difference	籽粒产量 Grain yield	氮肥农学效率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency
灌量Irrigation amount (A)	1158.184^**	171.440^**
施氮量Nitrogen application (B)	880.362^**	285.551^**
年份Year (C)	1187.540^**	376.737^**
灌量×施氮量A×B	21.014	1.587
灌量×施氮量×年份A×B×C	5.595	3.790

Effects of water and nitrogen application on root attenuation characteristics and yield of spring maize under shallow buried drip irrigation

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生育期 Stage	灌溉次数 Number of irrigation	灌溉量Irrigation amount (m³hm^-2)				施氮量Nitrogen application rate (kg hm^-2)
生育期 Stage	灌溉次数 Number of irrigation	W1	W2	W3	CK	N1	N2	N3	CK
播种Sowing seeds	1	550	550	550	550	35.10	35.10	35.10	35.1
拔节期Jointing stage	2	245	335	425	575	34.47	52.47	79.47	—
小喇叭口期Small bell stage	3	245	335	425	1150	—	—	—	264.9
大喇叭口期Big bell stage	4	200	270	350	575	68.94	104.94	158.94	—
吐丝期Silking stage	5	150	215	275	1150	11.49	17.49	26.49	—
灌浆期Filling stage	6	150	215	275	—	—	—	—	—
	7	60	80	100	—	—	—	—	—
合计Total		1600	2000	2400	4000	150	210	300	300

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