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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 202-220.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51059

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and topdressing methods on wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and N2O emissions in wheat fields

Shi Lyu1(), Shi Xiao-Xu1, Han Xiao1, Shan Hai-Yong1, Liu Xu-Jie1, Zhang Jin1, Yan Yi-Ni1, Li Ying1, Liu Hai-Cui1, Wei Ya-Feng1, Yang Mei-Ying1, Xue Ya-Guang1,*(), Liu Jian1, Zhang Zu-Jian2,*()   

  1. 1Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Recycling Agriculture of Nantong City, Nantong 226012, Jiangsu, China
    2College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2025-06-13 Accepted:2025-09-10 Online:2026-01-12 Published:2025-09-24
  • Contact: *E-mail: 171240816@qq.com; E-mail: zzj@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Nantong City Social Livelihood Project(MSZ2023068);Special Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Jiangsu Province, China(BE2022425);Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Project(BE2020388)

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Abstract:

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying yield enhancement, efficiency improvement, and emission mitigation in rice-stubble wheat under the integrated “one basal plus one topdressing” mechanized deep fertilization strategy, a field experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2024 within a rice-wheat rotation system in Nantong, located in the lower Yangtze River Basin. The study employed a slow-release blended fertilizer (SRF, N∶P2O5∶K2O = 26∶12∶12) and conventional urea (U, 46% N), utilizing two self-developed machines: the 2BFGK-12(6)260 full-straw-stubble field clean-zone rotary-till intelligent fertilizer applicator and seeder, and the 3ZF-4(200) cultivator-topdresser. Seven fertilization regimes were established under a 30 cm + 15 cm wide-narrow row planting system. The control (CK) received four split applications of urea (N 240 kg hm-2; basal : tillering : jointing : booting = 5∶1∶2∶2, with basal application in narrow rows and topdressing broadcast across the field). Six reduced-N treatments (N 204 kg hm-2, a 15% reduction) were applied: M1 (100% SRF, narrow-row basal); M2 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% U, narrow-row broadcast at jointing); M3 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% U, wide-row banding at regreening); M4 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% SRF, narrow-row broadcast at regreening); M5 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% SRF, wide-row banding at regreening); and M4+5 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 20% SRF, wide-row banding + 20% SRF, narrow-row broadcast at regreening). The effects of these fertilization regimes on wheat yield performance, economic benefit, root morphological and physiological traits, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and N2O emissions were systematically evaluated. Compared with CK, treatments M2-M5 increased wheat yield by 4.0%-19.0% and economic returns by 13.7%-35.7%, with M4 and M5 showing optimal performance (yield increases of 14.1% and 19.0%; economic gains of 34.5% and 35.7%, respectively). These treatments significantly improved root traits, with root weight density increasing by 9.7%-111.8% and enhancements in root activity and oxidation capacity of 6.8%-52.0% and 4.2%-44.2%, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were reduced by 22.6%-34.5%, and soil NO3--N content in the 0-20 cm layer increased by 11.2%-40.0%. In terms of nitrogen utilization, M2-M5 treatments promoted grain N accumulation, post-anthesis N uptake, and its contribution to grain N content. Indicators of nitrogen use efficiency—including partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency—increased significantly by 22.4%-40.0%, 29.7%-74.3%, and 9.41-18.77 percentage points, respectively. Notably, M4 and M5 achieved the most comprehensive benefits, with the greatest reductions in cumulative N2O emissions (27.0% and 34.5%) and consistently high apparent N recovery efficiency across two growing seasons (mean values of 43.5% and 46.8%), along with sustained root activity and topsoil inorganic N content during late growth stages. In contrast, M1 achieved the highest N2O mitigation (35.9%) but resulted in a 10.4% yield loss and 10.8% reduction in economic benefit, with unstable interannual variation in NUE. The optimized M4+5 treatment further enhanced root morphological and physiological traits while improving apparent N recovery efficiency and grain N accumulation. In summary, under a 15% nitrogen reduction (N 204 kg hm-2), split-application treatments using slow-release blended fertilizer (M4 and M5) achieved synergistic improvements in yield, economic return, nitrogen use efficiency, and N2O emission reduction, with the deep banding topdressing strategy (M5) delivering the most pronounced benefits. These findings provide strong theoretical support for the optimized and efficient use of slow-release fertilizers in nitrogen-reduced rice-wheat rotation systems.

Key words: strip tillage, nitrogen reduction, topdressing method, yield, nitrogen utilization, N2O emission

Table 1

Soil characteristics at the beginning of the three growing season experiments"

生长季
Growing season		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg kg-1)		 pH
2021-2022 22.62 1.11 114.84 34.99 86.67 7.62
2022-2023 24.45 1.16 128.81 57.94 91.67 7.86
2023-2024 24.51 1.20 123.50 45.52 101.71 7.76

Fig. 1

Daily average, maximum and minimum air temperature, and daily precipitation during the wheat growing seasons from 2021 to 2024"

Table 2

Nitrogen fertilizer management and application scheme"

年份
Year		 模式
Pattern		 施肥方式
Fertilization
methods		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate
(kg hm-2)		 追肥方式
Topdressing way		 施氮量Nitrogen application rate (kg hm-2)
播种期
Seeding
stage		 分蘖期Tillering stage 返青期Regreening stage 拔节期Jointing stage 孕穗期Booting stage
2021-
2023		 0N — 0 — — — — — —
CK 100% U 240 全田撒施
Whole field spreading		 120.0 U 24.0 U 48.0 U 48.0 U
M1 100% SRF 204 — 204.0 SRF — — — —
M2 60% SRF+40% U 204 窄行撒施
Narrow row spreading		 122.4 SRF — — 81.6 U —
M3 60% SRF+40% U 204 宽行条施
Wide row striping		 122.4 SRF — 81.6 U — —
M4 60% SRF+40% SRF 204 窄行撒施
Narrow row spreading		 122.4 SRF — 81.6 SRF — —
M5 60% SRF+40% SRF 204 宽行条施
Wide row striping		 122.4 SRF — 81.6 SRF — —
2023-
2024		 0N — 0 — — — — — —
M4 60% SRF+40% SRF 204 窄行撒施
Narrow row spreading		 122.4 SRF — 81.6 SRF — —
M5 60% SRF+40% SRF 204 宽行条施
Wide row striping		 122.4 SRF — 81.6 SRF — —
M4+5 60% SRF+40% SRF 204 1/2窄行撒施, 1/2宽行条施
Spreading half in narrow row, striping half in wide row		 122.4 SRF — 81.6 SRF — —

Fig. 2

2BFGK-12(6)260 full-straw-stubble field clean-zone rotary-till intelligent fertilizer applicator and seeder (left) and 3ZF-4 (200) cultivator-topdresser (right)"

Fig. 3

Sampling positions for root coring"

Table 3

Grain yield and yield components of wheat under different topdressing modes"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 增产率
Yield-increasing rate (%)		 穗数
Spike number per area
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Kernel number per spike		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)
2021-2022 0N 4363.46 f -38.9 336.31 e 29.75 d 47.88 a
CK 7139.50 d — 517.06 cd 32.65 bcd 44.35 cd
M1 6394.98 e -10.4 499.28 d 30.92 cd 43.64 d
M2 7468.18 c 4.6 518.54 cd 33.76 abc 44.38 cd
M3 8011.79 b 12.2 537.80 bc 34.12 ab 44.62 c
M4 8183.66 b 14.6 552.62 ab 34.65 ab 45.84 b
M5 8551.82 a 19.8 570.40 a 36.16 a 46.42 b
2022-2023 0N 4260.27 e -40.1 312.61 e 28.29 c 49.57 a
CK 7109.67 c — 499.28 cd 31.37 bc 46.12 cd
M1 6369.76 d -10.4 484.47 d 29.92 bc 44.72 d
M2 7356.39 c 3.5 493.36 d 32.51 ab 46.47 cd
M3 7864.09 b 10.6 512.62 bc 33.72 ab 46.83 c
M4 8076.93 ab 13.6 522.99 b 33.57 ab 47.37 bc
M5 8405.74 a 18.2 540.77 a 35.84 a 49.01 ab
F-value 年份Year (Y) 2.54NS — 49.44** 3.17NS 53.00**
处理Treatment (T) 317.09** — 299.72** 10.94** 21.65**
Y × T 0.10NS — 0.40NS 0.09NS 0.54NS
2023-2024 0N 5233.29 b -38.7 310.68 b 28.61 c 47.34 a
M4 8174.31 a -4.3 524.64 a 34.10 b 46.39 a
M5 8381.01 a -1.9 532.33 a 34.64 ab 47.11 a
M4+5 8541.02 a — 546.18 a 35.98 a 47.48 a
F-value 处理Treatment (T) 78.35** — 138.67** 68.29** 1.68NS

Table 4

Output value and net income of wheat under different topdressing modes"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产值
Output value
(Yuan hm-2)		 投入
Input value
(Yuan hm-2)		 投入减少率
Input reduction rate (%)		 净收益
Net income
(Yuan hm-2)		 净收益增加率
Net income growth rate (%)		 产投比
Output/input value
2021-2022 0N 10,908.66 f 6540.60 21.6 4368.06 e -54.0 1.67 e
CK 17,848.74 d 8347.12 — 9501.62 c — 2.14 d
M1 15,987.45 e 7513.62 10.0 8473.83 d -10.8 2.13 d
M2 18,670.44 c 7735.63 7.3 10,934.82 b 15.1 2.41 c
M3 20,029.48 b 8485.63 -1.7 11,543.85 b 21.5 2.36 c
M4 20,459.15 b 7663.62 8.2 12,795.53 a 34.7 2.67 a
M5 21,379.56 a 8413.62 -0.8 12,965.94 a 36.5 2.54 b
2022-2023 0N 10,224.66 e 6500.10 21.7 3724.56 e -57.5 1.57 e
CK 17,063.20 c 8306.62 — 8756.59 c — 2.05 d
M1 15,287.43 d 7473.12 10.0 7814.31 d -10.8 2.05 d
M2 17,655.34 c 7695.13 7.4 9960.21 b 13.7 2.29 c
M3 18,873.81 b 8445.13 -1.7 10,428.68 b 19.1 2.23 c
M4 19,384.63 ab 7623.12 8.2 11,761.52 a 34.3 2.54 a
M5 20,173.77 a 8373.12 -0.8 11,800.66 a 34.8 2.41 b
F-value 年份Year (Y) 41.26** — — 37.82** — 35.13**
处理Treatment (T) 317.86** — — 222.88** — 172.53**
Y × T 0.32NS — — 0.32NS — 0.22NS
2023-2024 0N 12,559.89 b 6525.60 23.7 6034.29 b -49.5 1.92 b
M4 19,618.35 a 7648.62 10.5 11,969.74 a 0.2 2.56 a
M5 20,114.41 a 8398.62 1.8 11,715.80 a -2.0 2.39 a
M4+5 20,498.46 a 8548.62 — 11,949.84 a — 2.40 a
F-value 处理Treatment (T) 78.35** — — 47.00** — 25.81**

Fig. 4

Differences in root weight density (a, b, c), root activity (d, e, f), and root oxidation activity (g, h, i) of wheat under different topdressing modes Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year at P < 0.05. TTC: 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride."

Fig. 5

Dynamics of N2O emission flux under different topdressing modes Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. The solid and dashed arrows indicate the basal fertilization and topdressing, respectively."

Fig. 6

Variations in cumulative N2O emission, N2O emission factor (a), and N2O emission intensity (b) under different topdressing modes Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments for the same indicator and year at P < 0.05. CE and EF represent the cumulative N2O emission and N2O emission factor, respectively."

Fig. 7

Variations in soil nitrate (a), ammonium (b), and mineral nitrogen (c) content under different topdressing modes at the maturity stage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same soil layer at P < 0.05."

Table 5

Comparison of nitrogen accumulation and translocation in wheat under different topdressing modes"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 营养器官氮素积累量
N accumulation amount in vegetative organs
(kg hm-2)		 籽粒氮素
积累量
N accumulation amount
in grains
(kg hm-2)		 花后氮素
转运量Post-anthesis N translocation amount
(kg hm-2)		 花后氮素
转运率Post-anthesis N translocation rate
(%)		 花后转运氮素对籽粒氮素贡献率Contribution rate of post-anthesis translocated N to grain N (%) 花后氮素
积累量Post-anthesis N accumulation amount
(kg hm-2)		 花后积累氮素对籽粒氮素贡献率
Contribution rate of post-anthesis accumulated N to grain N (%)
开花期
Anthesis		 成熟期
Maturity
2021-2022 0N 75.51 c 13.34 f 78.71 e 62.17 c 82.3 ab 79.0 a 16.54 e 21.0 d
CK 129.72 a 22.66 d 134.50 d 107.06 a 82.5 ab 79.6 a 27.45 d 20.4 d
M1 121.44 b 20.15 e 129.65 d 101.29 ab 83.4 a 78.2 a 28.36 d 21.8 d
M2 132.65 a 24.95 c 143.31 c 107.71 a 81.2 b 75.2 ab 35.60 cd 24.8 cd
M3 132.45 a 27.23 b 150.53 b 105.22 ab 79.4 c 69.9 bc 45.31 bc 30.1 bc
M4 126.97 ab 27.83 b 153.30 ab 99.14 b 78.0 cd 64.7 cd 54.17 ab 35.3 ab
M5 128.71 a 29.28 a 159.14 a 99.43 b 77.2 d 62.5 d 59.71 a 37.5 a
2022-2023 0N 71.99 c 12.76 f 73.05 f 59.23 e 82.2 ab 81.1 a 13.82 f 18.9 d
CK 126.77 a 21.26 d 133.90 d 105.51 a 83.2 a 79.2 ab 28.39 de 20.8 cd
M1 117.37 b 19.52 e 122.47 e 97.85 bcd 83.4 a 79.9 a 24.62 e 20.1 d
M2 126.52 a 22.19 d 140.12 cd 104.33 ab 82.4 a 74.5 ab 35.79 cd 25.5 cd
M3 127.67 a 24.56 c 143.65 bc 103.12 abc 80.7 b 71.8 bc 40.53 bc 28.2 bc
M4 123.75 ab 27.15 b 147.18 ab 96.60 cd 78.1 c 65.7 cd 50.58 ab 34.3 ab
M5 120.90 ab 28.85 a 151.47 a 92.06 d 76.1 d 60.8 d 59.41 a 39.2 a
F-value 年份
Year (Y)		 13.57** 49.35** 18.94** 6.60* 1.05NS 0.18NS 1.07NS 0.18NS
处理
Treatment (T)		 146.57** 483.59** 278.00** 86.95** 47.54** 18.44** 36.94** 18.44**
Y × T 0.28NS 4.21** 0.62NS 0.31NS 1.38NS 0.19NS 0.19NS 0.19NS
2023-2024 0N 105.13 b 19.56 b 111.18 c 85.57 b 81.4 a 77.0 a 25.61 c 23.0 c
M4 162.24 a 31.56 a 191.37 b 130.68 a 80.5 b 68.3 b 60.69 b 31.7 b
M5 159.02 a 32.97 a 194.42 b 126.06 a 79.3 c 64.8 bc 68.36 ab 35.2 ab
M4+5 156.84 a 34.00 a 202.97 a 122.83 a 78.3 d 60.5 c 80.14 a 39.5 a
F-value 处理
Treatment (T)		 32.43** 89.75** 311.73** 25.84** 42.29** 10.84** 39.38** 10.84**

Fig. 8

Variations in nitrogen partial factor productivity (a), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (b), and apparent recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen (c) under different topdressing modes Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year at P < 0.05."

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