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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 178-190.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53050

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Study on the impact of different soybean-maize strip intercropping patterns on the spatio-temporal dynamics of water and heat in maize strips and on maize yield and economic returns

Chen Xuan-Yi1,2,3(), Zhang Jian-Wei1,2, Zhang Xiang-Qian1,2,*(), Ge Guo-Long3, Lu Zhan-Yuan1,2,3,*(), Guo Xing-Xing4, Ma Zi-Hui4, Li Xin-Yi4, Chen Li-Yu1,2   

  1. 1Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, Inner Mongolia, China
    2Key Laboratory of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot 010031, Inner Mongolia, China
    3School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
    4College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, Inner Mongolia, China
  • Received:2025-07-15 Accepted:2025-10-30 Online:2026-01-12 Published:2025-11-07
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhangxiangqian_2008@126.com; E-mail: lzhy2811@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2022YFDZ0071);Inner Mongolia Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Innovation Fund(2023CXJJN18);Science and Technology Leading Talent Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2022LJRC0010);Prairie Talent Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

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Abstract:

To identify the optimal intercropping pattern of soybean and maize in the black soil region of Northeast Inner Mongolia, a systematic field study was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in Arong Banner, located at the eastern foothills of the Greater Xing’an Range, using maize and soybean as experimental crops. The study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture and temperature within maize strips and assessed yield differences across various intercropping configurations: 2 rows of maize ‖ 2 rows of soybean (M2S2), 4 rows of maize ‖ 4 rows of soybean (M4S4), 4 rows of maize ‖ 2 rows of soybean (M4S2), 6 rows of maize ‖ 6 rows of soybean (M6S6), 6 rows of maize ‖ 4 rows of soybean (M6S4), and 6 rows of maize ‖ 2 rows of soybean (M6S2). The results showed that: (1) The soil moisture in M4S4 and M2S2 treatments was generally higher than in the other configurations during critical growth stages, while surface soil temperature was significantly lower. Compared with other treatments, M2S2 increased soil moisture by 1.59% to 16.85% during the tasseling-silking stage and by 1.89% to 14.82% during the grain-filling stage, with no significant difference from M4S4. Both treatments also exhibited relatively uniform water distribution throughout the growth period. (2) Maize in the M2S2 treatment achieved the highest single-plant yield and water use efficiency, followed by M4S4. M4S4 recorded the highest land equivalent ratio, reaching 1.61 and 1.60 in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Furthermore, M4S4 exhibited the highest input-output ratio of the intercropping systems, reaching 6.61, 7.39% to 32.28% higher than in other treatments. In conclusion, the M4S4 strip intercropping layout is identified as the most suitable pattern for soybean-maize intercropping in the black soil region of Northeast Inner Mongolia.

Key words: maize, intercropping, soil temperature, soil moisture, yield, economic benefit

Fig. 1

Daily precipitation and average temperature at the experimental site from 2023 to 2024"

Fig. 2

Layout of treatments and sampling points A is M2S2 (2 rows of maize and 2 rows of soybeans), B is M4S4 (4 rows of maize and 4 rows of soybeans), C is M4S2 (4 rows of maize and 2 rows of soybeans), D is M6S6 (6 rows of maize and 6 rows of soybeans), E is M6S4 (6 rows of maize and 4 rows of soybeans), and F is M6S2 (6 rows of maize and 2 rows of soybeans)."

Fig. 3

Dynamic changes in surface soil temperature in maize belts under different intercropping patterns from 2023 to 2024 Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. V1: seedling stage; V6: jointing stage; V12: large bell mouth stage; VT-R1: tasseling- silking stage; R2: filling stage; R6: maturity stage. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05."

Fig. 4

Dynamic changes in soil moisture (0-40 cm) in the middle of maize belts under different intercropping patterns from 2023 to 2024 Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2; abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 5

Dynamic changes in soil moisture (0-40 cm) at the edge of maize belts under different intercropping patterns from 2023 to 2024 Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2; abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3."

Fig. 6

Soil moisture variation between maize belts under different intercropping patterns from 2023 to 2024 Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3. Mc: soil moisture in the middle of the maize belt; Me: soil moisture at the edge of the maize belt."

Fig. 7

Effects of different intercropping patterns on maize water consumption from 2023 to 2024 Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05."

Table 1

Maize yield, water use efficiency, and land equivalent ratio under different intercropping patterns (2023-2024)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 玉米单株产量
Maize yield per plant
(g plant-1)		 水分利用效率
WUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)		 间作玉米产量
Maize yield
(kg hm-2)		 间作大豆产量
Soybean yield
(kg hm-2)		 土地当量比
LER
2023 M2S2 204.56±6.32 a 37.81±2.42 a 11,534.66±739.70 a 971.24±49.21 c 1.56
M4S4 181.65±6.70 b 33.42±2.28 a 10,157.31±692.43 a 1610.65±29.52 a 1.61
M4S2 149.61±3.08 cd 27.57±2.08 b 11,137.63±840.58 a 553.91±47.55 d 1.39
M6S6 154.77±2.16 c 25.36±1.56 bc 7778.72±479.19 d 1649.01±77.19 a 1.36
M6S4 143.48±4.34 d 24.54±0.90 c 9077.41±332.57 c 1334.97±94.30 b 1.41
M6S2 126.65±3.43 e 23.58±1.22 c 10,916.42±566.66 a 398.29±40.07 e 1.31
2024 M2S2 198.77±6.77 a 66.53±3.33 a 11,529.00±576.45 a 1053.99±30.47 c 1.53
M4S4 183.90±4.77 b 60.59±3.03 a 10,446.48±522.40 a 1606.25±64.27 a 1.60
M4S2 148.34±3.03 d 44.94±2.25 b 10,481.36±524.07 a 535.77±60.62 d 1.26
M6S6 156.60±4.95 c 45.80±1.53 b 8059.35±268.64 c 1635.49±30.72 a 1.36
M6S4 147.99±4.73 d 45.02±1.50 b 9402.52±313.42 b 1239.96±40.44 b 1.37
M6S2 139.87±5.51 e 42.95±1.43 b 11,215.46±373.85 a 384.41±20.61 e 1.28

Table 2

Two-year average production, input, and economic benefit under different intercropping patterns"

处理
Treatments		 复合农资成本
Agricultural supplies
(yuan hm-2)		 复合劳动成本
Labor cost
(yuan hm-2)		 复合毛利润
Product value
(yuan hm-2)		 复合净利润
Net profit
(yuan hm-2)		 复合产投比
Profit margin
M2S2 2587.50 2075.71 28,714.52 24,051.31 6.16
M4S4 2587.50 1728.07 28,537.68 24,222.12 6.61
M4S2 2910.00 1931.67 25,258.07 20,416.40 5.22
M6S6 2587.50 1690.48 23,600.77 19,322.79 5.52
M6S4 2781.00 1773.44 24,959.73 20,405.29 5.48
M6S2 3071.25 1964.57 25,174.99 20,139.17 5.00

Fig. 8

Pearson correlation and Mantel test among soil moisture, maize yield, water use efficiency, land equivalent ratio, and water consumption SWC-Mc0-10, SWC-Mc10-20, and SWC-Mc20-40 represent soil moisture in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-40 cm layers in the middle of the maize belt, respectively. SWC-Me0-10, SWC-Me10-20, and SWC-Me20-40 represent soil moisture in the corresponding layers at the edge of the maize belt. Yield: maize production; WUE: water use efficiency of corn; LER: land equivalent ratio. Mantel’s r and Mantel’s P represent the correlation strength and significance in the lower left matrix. Pearson’s r values are shown in the upper right matrix. *, **, and *** indicate significant correlation at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively."

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