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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1175-1187.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.04148

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mung bean under the proso millet and mung bean intercropping

DANG Ke(), GONG Xiang-Wei, LYU Si-Ming, ZHAO Guan, TIAN Li-Xin, JIN Fei, YANG Pu, FENG Bai-Li*(), GAO Xiao-Li*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2020-07-06 Accepted:2020-12-01 Online:2021-06-12 Published:2020-12-28
  • Contact: FENG Bai-Li,GAO Xiao-Li E-mail:dangke4718@163.com;fengbaili@nwsuaf.edu.cn;gao2123@nwsuaf.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Project(2018TSCXL-NY-03-01);The Shaanxi Province Modern Crops Seed Industry Project(20171010000004);The Minor Grain Crops Research and Development System of Shaanxi Province(2009-2019)

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Abstract:

To explore the effect of nitrogen (N) on the leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, nitrogen characteristics and yield of mung bean under intercropping with proso millet, the field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 using split-plot design with two cropping patterns [proso millet-mung bean intercropping (PM) and soled mung bean (SM)] and four total N fertilizer application rates [0 (N0), 45 (N1), 90 (N2), and 135 kg hm-2(N3)]. Under N application, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of mung bean in intercropping increased by 10.5%-24.5% and 15.2%-29.5% on average, which improved the photosynthetic characteristics. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) increased by 2.9%-7.8% and 11.7%-28.4%, respectively, and PSII non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) decreased by 10.3%-17.4%. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were improved, resulting in enhancing the ability to capture and utilize light energy, and the activity of PSII reaction center was enhanced. Leaf area per plant, N content per unit dry mass of leaves (Nmass) and N content per unit area (Narea) increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate. The content of Chl a and Chl b increased. Photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE) decreased compared with N0. N application significantly increased the dry matter accumulation and pods of mung bean in intercropping. Under the treatment of N1, N2, and N3, 100-grain weight and yield were increased by 1.1%-6.9% and 9.3%-19.7%, respectively. In the two-year trial intercropping, the land equivalent ratio of each treatment was 1.63-2.07, indicating the yield advantage of intercropping. N application could improve the photosynthetic production capacity of mung bean in intercropping and effectively regulate the adaptive response of photosynthetic system to shading. The response of photosynthetic performance of intercropping to N fertilizer was greater than that of single-plant systems. Under the conditions of this experiment, the proso millet and mung bean intercropping model can increase land productivity, and it can be used as a planting model to promote dry farming in northwestern China. The intercropping mung bean had the best photosynthetic characteristics at 90 kg hm-2, which showed the highest yield, and the largest land equivalent ratio.

Key words: mung bean, nitrogen fertilizer, intercropping, photosynthetic characters, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, yield

Fig. 1

Average daily rainfall and mean temperature during whole growth period of the experiment plots in 2018 and 2019"

Fig. 2

Effects of nitrogen treatments on the gas exchanges in intercropping mung bean Values followed by different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences at the 0.05 probability level in the same cropping pattern. SM: sole mung bean; PM: intercropping mung bean. N0: nitrogen fertilizer application of 0 kg hm-2; N1: nitrogen fertilizer application of 45 kg hm-2; N2: nitrogen fertilizer application of 90 kg hm-2; N3: nitrogen fertilizer application of 135 kg hm-2. Pn: net photosynthesis rate; Ci: intercellular CO2 concentration; Tr: evaporation rate; WUE: water use efficiency."

Fig. 3

Effects of nitrogen level on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in intercropping mung bean Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Values followed by different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences at the 0.05 probability level in the same cropping pattern. Fv/Fm: the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II; ΦPSII: the actual PSII efficiency (ΦPSII); NPQ: non-photochemical quenching coefficient."

Fig. 4

Effects of nitrogen treatments on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in intercropping mung bean Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Values followed by different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences at the 0.05 probability level in the same cropping pattern."

Fig. 5

Effects of nitrogen treatments on the chlorophyll a/b in intercropping mung bean Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Values followed by different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences at the 0.05 probability level in the same cropping pattern. "

Table 1

Effects of nitrogen treatments on the nitrogen characteristics of intercropping mung bean leaves"

种植模式
Planting
pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 单株叶面积
Leaf area per plant (cm2)		 比叶质量
LMA
(g m-2)		 单位干物质量氮含量
Nmass
(g kg-1)		 单位面积氮含量
Narea
(mg cm-2)		 光合氮利用效率
PNUE
(CO2 μmol g-1 s-1)
SM N0 3178.9±310.2 a 51.33±5.05 b 24.51±0.21 b 0.13±0.01 b 14.43±1.51 a
N1 3706.3±112.4 a 60.83±1.82 ab 27.77±0.57 a 0.17±0.00 a 13.60±0.34 a
N2 3608.4±470.9 a 66.73±8.42 a 28.11±1.12 a 0.20±0.02 a 11.25±0.98 b
N3 3400.4±188.3 a 67.10±3.62 a 26.67±1.32 a 0.18±0.02 a 10.66±0.95 b
PM N0 2308.5±200.8 c 57.59±4.80 a 20.01±1.08 b 0.12±0.01 a 13.97±0.84 a
N1 2658.9±222.3 b 55.31±4.86 a 25.64±0.20 a 0.14±0.01 a 12.73±0.65 a
N2 3019.6±121.4 a 54.04±2.15 a 25.00±0.59 a 0.14±0.00 a 13.81±0.85 a
N3 2913.0±174.7 ab 56.76±3.31 a 21.61±2.16 b 0.12±0.02 a 13.55±2.90 a
变异来源Variation source
种植模式Planting pattern (P) ** * ** ** NS
氮水平N level (N) * NS ** ** *
种植模式×氮水平 P×N NS * NS ** *

Fig. 6

Effects of nitrogen treatments on the dry matter accumulation in intercropping mung bean Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Values followed by different lowercase letters above the bars mean significant differences at the 0.05 probability level in the same cropping pattern."

Table 2

Effects of nitrogen treatments on the agronomic characters in intercropping mung bean"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 茎粗
Stem diameter
(mm)		 主茎节数
Nodes of
main stem		 主茎分枝数
Branches of
main stem		 单株荚数
Pods per
plant
2018 SM N0 60.40±6.15 a 7.58±1.25 a 9.80±0.84 a 5.00±0.00 c 52.80±2.77 c
N1 65.40±7.81 a 7.77±0.44 a 10.40±1.34 a 5.80±1.10 bc 68.40±6.47 a
N2 65.60±4.97 a 8.44±1.08 a 10.40±0.89 a 6.40±0.55 ab 67.60±1.41 a
N3 63.00±4.62 a 8.76±0.87 a 9.20±1.30 a 7.00±0.00 a 57.60±5.57 b
PM N0 61.80±6.35 b 7.32±0.64 a 9.40±0.55 a 5.00±1.00 a 30.00±4.82 c
N1 68.20±8.44 a 7.94±0.91 a 10.60±0.89 a 5.20±0.45 a 41.40±4.16 b
N2 68.80±2.83 a 8.07±0.55 a 9.6±0.89 a 5.20±0.45 a 48.62±2.09 a
N3 71.40±3.65 a 7.83±0.81 a 10.8±0.84 a 5.80±0.45 a 47.68±2.25 a
2019 SM N0 63.86±4.01 a 7.79±0.43 a 10.20±0.71 a 5.60±0.45 a 48.20±5.85 c
N1 64.60±4.93 a 7.99±0.83 a 11.00±0.71 a 5.60±1.10 a 68.60±1.48 a
N2 67.20±1.73 a 8.63±0.91 a 11.00±0.89 a 6.80±0.45 a 63.00±6.15 ab
N3 68.64±1.86 a 8.48±0.26 a 11.60±1.14 a 7.00±0.00 a 56.40±2.31 b
PM N0 55.08±4.16 c 6.92±0.45 a 9.40±1.22 a 5.00±0.00 a 25.40±5.12 b
N1 66.20±3.10 b 7.81±0.47 a 10.80±0.84 a 5.00±0.71 a 39.00±5.61 a
年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting
pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 茎粗
Stem diameter
(mm)		 主茎节数
Nodes of
main stem		 主茎分枝数
Branches of
main stem		 单株荚数
Pods per
plant
2019 N2 75.18±2.27 a 7.58±0.65 a 10.00±1.14 a 5.00±0.00 a 47.40±1.34 a
N3 73.08±3.79 a 7.93±0.50 a 9.40±1.10 a 5.00±0.00 a 46.80±2.19 a
变异来源Variation source
年份Year (Y) NS NS NS NS *
种植模式Planting pattern (P) * * NS ** **
氮水平N level (N) ** NS NS ** **
年份×种植模式Y×P NS NS * NS NS
年份×氮水平Y×N NS NS NS NS NS
种植模式×氮水平P×N ** NS NS * **
年份×种植模式×氮水平Y×P×N NS NS NS NS NS

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen treatments on yield of proso millet and mung bean"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 绿豆产量
Mung bean grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 糜子产量
Proso millet grain yield (kg hm-2)		 土地当量比
Land equivalent ratio
2018 SM N0 5.53±0.21 b 1069.3±114.2 b 4067.8±287.6 c —
N1 5.67±0.29 ab 1297.8±71.6 a 4400.8±287.1 c —
N2 5.83±0.14 a 1168.8±98.4 ab 4911.4±321.4 b —
N3 5.65±0.19 ab 1137.5±96.7 b 5631.6±206.7 a —
PM N0 5.22±0.07 b 806.0±27.7 c 4240.2±152.5 c 1.81±0.14 b
N1 5.61±0.35 a 853.7±23.7 b 5286.4±283.1 b 1.86±0.02 b
N2 5.35±0.14 b 905.0±45.0 a 6331.8±386.2 a 2.07±0.14 a
N3 5.28±0.19 b 812.0±11.8 bc 5120.1±354.1 b 1.63±0.07 c
2019 SM N0 5.97±0.09 b 1198.7±69.8 b 4259.4±382.0 d —
N1 6.30±0.20 a 1350.5±35.1 a 4737.5±99.5 c —
N2 6.33±0.14 a 1315.5±58.0 a 5196.9±168.8 b —
年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting pattern		 氮水平
N level
(kg hm-2)		 百粒重
100-grain weight
(g)		 绿豆产量
Mung bean grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 糜子产量
Proso millet grain yield (kg hm-2)		 土地当量比
Land equivalent ratio
2019 N3 6.04±0.22 b 1217.6±63.2 b 5646.9±234.1 a —
PM N0 5.75±0.15 b 768.5±27.9 c 5043.8±241.0 d 1.84±0.18 a
N1 6.11±0.19 a 867.7±41.9 b 5656.3±215.4 c 1.84±0.05 a
N2 6.12±0.15 a 979.8±34.8 a 6531.3±403.3 a 2.00±0.08 a
N3 5.81±0.22 b 937.9±57.1 a 6075.0±84.2 b 1.85±0.09 a
变异来源Variation source
年份Year (Y) ** ** ** *
种植模式Planting pattern (P) ** ** ** —
氮水平N level (N) ** ** ** NS
年份×种植模式Y×P NS NS ** —
年份×氮水平Y×N * NS NS NS
种植模式×氮水平P×N * ** ** —
年份×种植模式×氮水平Y×P×N NS NS * —

Fig. 7

Correlation analysis of leaf photosynthetic and nitrogen utilization characteristics and yield SM: sole mung bean; PM: intercropping mung bean. *: significant correlation at the 0.05 probability level; **: significant correlation at the 0.01 probability level."

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