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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 410-422.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.02093

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Nitrogen fertilizer reduction and precise application model on mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning in Huaibei Area

ZHANG Jun1,2(), ZHOU Dong-Dong1, XU Ke2,*(), LI Bi-Zhong1, LIU Zhong-Hong1, ZHOU Nian-Bing2, FANG Shu-Liang1, ZHANG Yong-Jin1, TANG Jie3, AN Li-Zheng3   

  1. 1Huai’an Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Huai’an 223001, Jiangsu, China;
    2College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    3Huai’an Meteorological Administration, Huai’an 223001, Jiangsu, China;
  • Received:2020-12-29 Accepted:2021-06-16 Online:2022-02-12 Published:2021-07-20
  • Contact: XU Ke E-mail:zhangjun19831120@163.com;xuke@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300503);the Agriculture Research System of Jiangsu Province(JATS(2018)110);the Agriculture Research System of Jiangsu Province(ATS(2019)187);the Agriculture Research System of Jiangsu Province(JATS(2020)177);the “333” Project of Jiangsu Province(BRA2019218);the “533” Research Program of Huai’an(HAA201757)

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Abstract:

At present, “nitrogen reduction” has become one of the planting measures for good eating quality japonica rice, but the scientific management plan of nitrogen fertilizer after nitrogen reduction is unclear and further studies are needed. From 2018 to 2019, good eating quality japonica rice varieties including Nanjing 505 and Nanjing 2728 were planted as materials, and four ratios of basic and tillering to panicle fertilizer including 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, and 8:2 were arranged with nitrogen application 20% less than conventional nitrogen application (CK) for mechanical transplanting rice under wheat straw returning. Yield, rice quality, and nitrogen utilization were investigated to determine the effects under nitrogen reduction for good eating quality japonica rice. The results were as follows: With the increase of the proportion of the basic and tillering fertilizer in the total nitrogen application, the yield increased first and then decreased. The 7:3 treatment had the highest yield, reaching 11,134.80-11,280.19 kg hm -2 for two years. Compared with CK, the yield increased by 1.23%-2.54% and there was no significant difference. The 7:3 treatment group could obtain sufficient population spikelet, higher seed-setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. With the increase of the proportion of nitrogen application in the previous period, the dry matter weight of the population at (N-n) stage and jointing stage displayed an increasing trend, while the dry matter weight at heading stage and maturity stage, the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, the final nitrogen accumulation and the nitrogen efficiency increased first and then decreased, and reached a peak in the 7:3 treatment. Compared with CK, nitrogen reduction treatment could ensure higher dry matter accumulation of the population at the later stage by increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer application (7:3) at the early stage, which significantly improved nitrogen absorption and nitrogen use efficiency of the population by 14.10%-15.48%, and significantly higher than CK. For eating quality of japonica rice under nitrogen reduction, the processing quality deteriorated with the increase proportion of basic and tillering nitrogen, the appearance quality became better, the cooking and eating quality improved, and rice RVA profile was optimized. Under the condition of the whole wheat straw to the field, nitrogen was reduced by 20% compared with conventional fertilization. To achieve the comprehensive planting goal of high-yield, high-quality, and high-efficiency for good eating quality rice to a certain extent, nitrogen application with the ratio of basic and tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer 7:3 could stabilize or slightly increase the yield of good eating quality japonica rice, greatly increase nitrogen use efficiency, and improve the appearance and taste quality in rice.

Key words: nitrogen reduction, nitrogen fertilizer management, high-quality edible japonica rice, yield, quality, nitrogen absorption and utilization

Table 1

Mean temperature, sunshine hours, and precipitation during rice growing seasons"

月份
Month		 温度Temperature (℃) 日照时数Sunshine hours (h) 降雨量 Precipitation (mm)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
5月 May 20.4 20.4 132.9 181.6 181.1 19.8
6月 June 25.1 25.3 185.4 182.0 132.6 88.0
7月 July 28.0 27.4 201.0 174.0 197.6 99.9
8月 August 28.1 26.3 179.0 200.3 210.7 257.8
9月 September 22.5 22.2 163.8 189.0 33.4 26.1
10月 October 15.5 16.4 194.9 149.7 1.4 14.3
11月 November 10.5 11.2 98.0 161.2 67.7 16.2

Table 2

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on yield and its components of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 穗数
Panicle
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Grains per
panicle		 群体颖花量
Population spikelet (×104 hm-2)		 结实率
Filled-grain
percentage (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 实际产量
Actual yield
(kg hm-2)
2018 南粳505
Nanjing 505		 0 212.55 d 111.28 c 23,652.56 d 96.58 a 28.73 a 6332.64 d
5:5 334.86 c 121.15 a 40,567.93 c 94.21 b 28.17 d 10,531.95 c
6:4 346.28 b 119.72 a 41,457.44 b 94.33 b 28.45 bc 10,909.22 b
7:3 353.12 ab 119.16 a 42,077.63 a 94.76 b 28.56 b 11,134.80 a
8:2 357.32 a 115.63 b 41,315.22 b 93.59 b 28.07 d 10,593.30 c
CK 350.25 ab 119.09 a 41,711.27 ab 94.31 b 28.42 c 10,998.90 ab
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 0 223.80 d 105.17 e 23,537.05 d 94.18 a 28.19 a 5980.85 d
5:5 354.19 b 117.35 a 41,564.56 c 91.95 b 27.94 bc 10,442.44 d
6:4 365.85 ab 115.92 b 42,410.61 bc 92.28 b 28.00 b 10,711.05 bc
7:3 378.58 a 115.16 bc 43,598.47 a 92.53 b 28.07 ab 11,041.35 a
8:2 379.29 a 111.74 d 42,383.22 bc 91.64 b 27.84 c 10,577.72 cd
CK 375.79 a 114.68 c 43,093.26 ab 92.09 b 28.03 b 10,869.45 ab
2019 南粳505
Nanjing 505		 0 213.90 e 113.37 d 24,249.84 d 96.72 a 29.35 a 6617.55 d
5:5 336.71 d 123.76 a 41,671.54 d 93.57 b 28.74 cd 10,923.37 b
6:4 345.30 cd 123.24 a 42,553.91 b 93.62 b 28.84 bc 11,215.20 ab
7:3 355.23 ab 121.11 b 43,022.16 a 93.64 b 29.01 b 11,446.20 a
8:2 360.49 a 118.27 c 42,634.86 b 92.15 c 28.62 d 10,981.65 b
CK 348.34 bc 120.93 b 42,124.45 c 93.55 b 28.85 bc 11,162.85 ab
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 0 225.60 d 108.74 e 24,531.74 e 95.02 a 28.26 a 6348.45 d
5:5 360.90 c 118.77 a 42,864.09 d 92.19 b 27.85 bc 10,719.32 d
6:4 368.40 bc 116.42 b 42,889.13 d 93.22 ab 28.05 ab 10,982.74 bc
7:3 382.85 a 114.82 c 43,960.51 a 93.75 ab 28.09 a 11,280.19 a
8:2 386.10 a 112.27 d 43,347.45 c 92.31 b 27.72 c 10,818.15 cd
CK 376.91 ab 115.42 bc 43,503.24 b 92.76 b 28.15 a 11,087.40 ab

Fig. 1

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on number of stems and tillers of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning N-n: critical leaf age for productive tillers; J: jointing stage; H: heading stage; M: maturity stage. “5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2” in the figure refer to the ratio of basal and tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer under 264 N kg hm-2, respectively. CK in this figure refers to the ratio of basal and tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer is 5:5 under 330 N kg hm-2. Bars super-scripted by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level for number of stems and tillers."

Fig. 2

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on leaf area index of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Bars super-scripted by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level for leaf area index. N-n: critical leaf age for productive tillers; J: jointing stage; H: heading stage ; M: maturity stage. “Treatment” in figure refers to the ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer."

Fig. 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on dry matter accumulation of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning Abbreviation and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Bars super-scripted by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level for dry matter accumulation."

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on processing and appearance quality of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 出糙率
BR (%)		 精米率
MR (%)		 整精米率HMR (%) 垩白粒率
CP (%)		 垩白度
CD (%)		 长/宽
L/W
南粳505
Nanjing505		 5:5 83.19 b 71.92 b 66.42 a 48.51 b 9.08 b 1.52 b
6:4 83.05 b 71.64 b 65.81 ab 45.17 c 7.86 c 1.41 c
7:3 81.24 c 70.82 c 65.15 bc 44.92 c 7.63 d 1.28 d
8:2 81.08 c 69.71 d 64.08 c 42.83 d 7.19 e 1.26 d
CK 84.12 a 72.46 a 66.95 a 51.77 a 10.52 a 1.64 a
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 84.09 a 71.27 b 67.22 b 45.74 b 7.92 b 1.66 b
6:4 83.26 b 70.69 c 66.81 c 44.26 c 7.24 c 1.58 c
7:3 82.02 c 70.23 d 65.35 d 42.83 d 6.82 d 1.42 d
8:2 81.29 d 69.64 e 64.68 e 41.06 e 6.09 e 1.38 d
CK 84.15 a 71.95 a 67.46 a 47.32 a 8.29 a 1.75 a

Table 4

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on nutritional, cooking and eating quality of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 直链淀粉含量
AC (%)		 蛋白质含量
PC (%)		 胶稠度
GC (mm)		 香气
Aroma		 味道
Taste		 口感
Mouth feel		 食味值
Taste quality
南粳505
Nanjing 505		 5:5 10.04 c 8.29 b 85.17 b 6.42 d 6.53 b 6.82 bc 72.86 b
6:4 10.15 c 7.94 b 86.28 ab 6.51 c 6.75 ab 6.94 bc 73.15 b
7:3 11.26 b 7.18 c 86.58 ab 6.73 b 6.92 a 7.05 ab 73.49 ab
8:2 11.85 a 6.94 c 87.06 a 6.85 a 7.05 a 7.28 a 74.22 a
CK 9.25 d 8.72 a 87.62 a 6.29 e 6.51 b 6.76 c 71.29 c
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 10.52 c 8.17 b 85.28 d 6.28 c 6.45 d 6.71 d 63.05 d
6:4 11.38 b 8.04 b 86.25 c 6.33 c 6.58 c 6.79 c 65.17 c
7:3 11.82 a 7.86 c 87.13 bc 6.49 b 6.72 b 6.84 b 66.09 b
8:2 12.04 a 7.15 d 87.68 b 6.58 a 6.86 a 6.95 a 67.15 a
CK 10.11 d 8.61 a 89.08 a 6.17 d 6.38 d 6.53 e 62.46 e

Table 5

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on RVA profile characteristics of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity (cP)		 热浆黏度Trough viscosity (cP) 最终黏度
Final viscosity (cP)		 崩解值Breakdown (cP) 消减值
Setback
(cP)		 峰值时间
Peak time
(s)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature (℃)
南粳505
Nanjing 505		 5:5 2392 d 992 c 1664 c 1774 cd -728 a 5.42 a 80.72 ab
6:4 2420 c 1001 b 1683 b 1782 c -737 b 5.53 a 80.14 bc
7:3 2431 b 1007 ab 1689 ab 1792 b -742 b 5.61 a 79.72 cd
8:2 2442 a 1013 a 1691 a 1804 a -751 c 5.37 a 79.26 d
CK 2383 e 985 d 1659 c 1765 d -725 a 5.26 a 81.28 a
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 2481 cd 1010 d 1791 d 1536 bc -690 ab 5.71 a 79.28 b
6:4 2491 bc 1015 c 1799 c 1542 ab -693 b 5.82 a 78.83 c
7:3 2502 ab 1030 b 1806 b 1547 a -696 c 5.87 a 78.51 d
8:2 2518 a 1037 a 1818 a 1549 a -700 d 5.69 a 77.06 e
CK 2472 d 1005 d 1784 e 1529 c -688 a 5.64 a 79.64 a

Fig. 4

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on N fertilizer accumulation of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning Abbreviation and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Bars super-scripted by different lowercase letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level for dry matter accumulation. “Treatment” in figure refers to the ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle fertilizer."

Table 6

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and regime on N fertilizer use efficiency of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning"

品种
Cultivar		 基蘖肥:穗肥
B:P		 吸收利用率
Recovery efficiency
(%)		 农学利用率
Agronomic efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 生理利用率
Physiological efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 偏生产力
Partial factor productivity
(kg kg-1)
南粳505
Nanjing 505		 5:5 41.76 b 16.63 c 39.83 b 39.58 c
6:4 43.93 a 17.69 b 40.27 b 40.63 b
7:3 44.41 a 18.53 a 41.72 a 41.47 a
8:2 42.04 b 16.84 c 40.07 b 39.79 c
CK 38.45 c 14.64 d 38.06 c 33.83 d
南粳2728
Nanjing 2728		 5:5 43.46 b 17.17 c 39.51 bc 38.84 c
6:4 45.13 a 18.12 b 40.16 b 39.79 b
7:3 45.57 a 19.20 a 42.13 a 40.87 a
8:2 43.83 b 17.53 bc 39.98 bc 39.20 bc
CK 39.94 c 15.47 d 38.74 c 33.60 d
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