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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 1721-1729.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11045

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Identification on sensitivity of wheat to low temperature at reproductive stages

WANG Juan(), LIU Yi, YAO Dan-Yu, ZOU Jing-Wei, XIAO Shi-He, SUN Guo-Zhong()   

  1. National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2021-04-23 Accepted:2021-11-29 Online:2022-07-12 Published:2021-12-13
  • Contact: SUN Guo-Zhong E-mail:wj_1714661899@163.com;sunguozhong@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0100703);Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(S2020YC03);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-03)

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Abstract:

Spring freezing injury caused by the low temperature at the reproductive stage is one of the natural disasters that seriously threaten the safety of wheat production in China. Spring wheat cultivar Zhongmai 8444 was employed to accurately determine the correlation between low-temperature damage and the sensitive stages of plant development under the controlled condition. Yield loss and the symptoms of frostbite were observed when plants were treated with freezing stress during the spike differentiation stage. The results showed that the developmental leaf age is relevant to the young spike differentiation stage in wheat plants. In addition, the degree of frost damage to the stems and leaves of wheat plants increased with the decrease of temperature and the developmental processes. In contrast, the plant height, spike length, and seed setting rate declined with a decrease in temperature and developmental processes. The late double ridge phase (S2.25) to floret primordia differentiation phase (S3.5) and the anther connective tissue formation phase (S5) to stigma branches protuberance phase (S7) are the two stages that change significantly to low-temperature sensitivity during the young spike development. Based on the tolerance of stems, leaves, spikes, and other organs to low temperature, the meiotic stage can be used to comprehensively evaluate the resistance level of wheat to frost in spring.

Key words: wheat, reproductive development, sensitivity to low temperature, meiosis stage

Fig. 1

LED spectrum at seedling and heading stages in wheat A: seedling stage; B: heading stage."

Fig. 2

Leaf ages of wheat plant at different sowing dates The developmental stages of wheat plants at seven sowing dates according to the Zadoks decimal code, bar: 10 cm. T1: 3 leaves unfolded (GS13); T2: 4 leaves unfolded (GS14); T3: 4 leaves unfolded and 5th leaf less than half visible (GS14.5); T4: 5 leaves unfolded (GS15); T5: 6 leaves unfolded (GS16); T6: 7 leaves unfolded (GS17, AD = 0.5-1.0 cm); T7: 7 leaves unfolded (GS17, AD = 4-5 cm). AD: auricle distances, leaf-occipital distance."

Fig. 3

Spike differentiation phases of wheat plant at different sowing dates The spike differentiation phase of wheat plants at seven sowing dates according to the Wadington scale, bar: 100 μm. T1: late double ridge phase (S2.25); T2: floret primordia differentiation phase (S3.5); T3: pistil and stamen primordia differentiation phase (S4.25); T4: anther connective tissue formation phase (S5); T5: stigma branches protuberance phase (S7); T6: stigma branches elongation phase (S8); T7: stigma branches formation phase (S9)."

Fig. 4

Freezing injury of wheat plants at different developmental stages after low temperature stress The photos were taken after 36 h of growth at room temperature. Bar: 10 cm. A: 22℃ (CK); B: 0℃; C: -2.5℃; D: -3.5℃."

Table 1

Freezing damage of wheat plants caused by low temperature stress during spike development period"

穗发育阶段
Developmental phase of spike		 小麦植株冻害情况 Freezing damage of wheat plants
0℃ -2.5℃ -3.5℃
二棱末期
Late double ridge		 无症状
No symptoms		 无症状
No symptoms		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
小花原基分化期
Floret primordia differentiation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
雌雄蕊原基分化期
Pistil and stamen primordia differentiation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
药隔期
Anther connective tissue formation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 新生叶片存活
Survival of new leaves
柱头羽毛突起期
Stigma branches protuberance		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 主茎冻死率44%
Freeze death rate of main stem is 44%
柱头羽毛伸长期
Stigma branches elongation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 主茎冻死率60%
Freeze death rate of main stem is 60%
柱头羽毛形成期
Stigma branches formation		 无症状
No symptoms		 基部叶呈现萎蔫、失绿
Lower leaves wilted and chlorosis		 主茎冻死率67%
Freeze death rate of main stem is 67%

Table 2

Effects of low temperature stress on plant height, spike length, and seed-setting rate of wheat plants at different spike differentiation stages"

处理
Treatment		 穗发育阶段
Differentiation stage of spike		 温度
Temperature
(℃)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 降幅
Percentage of reduce (%)		 穗长
Spike length (cm)		 降幅Percentage of reduce 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 降幅
Percentage of reduce (%)
CK 45.01±2.47 5.60±0.28 65.45±4.92
T1 二棱末期
Late double ridge		 0 44.36±1.74 1.44 5.33±0.68 4.82 64.62±9.93 1.27
‒2.5 43.78±3.14 2.73 5.30±0.21 5.36 63.28±9.93 3.32
‒3.5 42.98±2.22 4.51 4.53±0.30** 19.11 56.55±6.83* 13.60
T2 小花原基分化期
Floret primordum differentiation		 0 44.16±2.26 1.89 5.32±0.34 5.00 60.18±7.17 8.05
‒2.5 43.50±2.39 3.35 5.30±0.35 5.36 59.25±6.14 9.47
‒3.5 38.30±2.61** 14.91 4.48±0.66** 20.00 48.57±4.22** 25.79
T3 雌雄蕊原基分化期
Pistil and stamen
primordum differentiation		 0 43.80±2.97 2.69 5.35±0.32 4.46 58.34±2.91 10.86
‒2.5 42.34±3.69 5.93 5.38±0.40 3.93 55.95±8.40 14.51
‒3.5 36.07±4.15** 19.86 4.13±0.58** 26.25 44.02±6.52** 32.74
T4 药隔期
Anther connective tissue formation		 0 44.09±1.43 2.04 5.50±0.27 1.79 62.80±5.88 4.05
‒2.5 44.08±3.01 2.07 5.36±0.40 4.29 56.19±10.98* 14.15
‒3.5 38.08±3.51** 15.40 4.60±0.27** 17.86 46.93±2.50** 28.30
T5 柱头羽毛突起期
Stigmatic branches protuberance		 0 43.68±1.82 2.95 5.47±0.35 2.32 62.38±6.57 3.00
‒2.5 43.55±2.70 3.24 5.25±0.25 6.25 58.64±4.78 6.00
‒3.5 33.82±8.57** 24.86 5.06±0.52** 9.64 50.81±12.14**# 22.37
T6 柱头羽毛伸长期
Stigmatic branches elongating		 0 44.18±2.20 1.84 5.50±0.37 1.79 61.89±7.79 5.44
‒2.5 44.83±0.57 0.39 5.25±0.35 6.25 59.76±4.79 8.69
‒3.5 29.50±4.24** 34.46 5.10±0.28** 8.93 49.30±8.44**# 24.68
T7 柱头羽毛形成期
Stigmatic branches formation		 0 42.30±2.50* 6.00 5.19±0.43* 7.32 57.36±10.63* 12.36
‒2.5 40.25±4.53** 10.58 5.16±0.43** 7.86 50.51±2.80** 22.83
‒3.5 30.10±0.43** 33.11 4.97±0.32** 11.25 46.53±3.92**# 28.91
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