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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (9): 2514-2526.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53004

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of light distribution in maize‖alfalfa intercropping systems and their effects on plant traits and yield

YANG Shu(), BAI Wei*(), CAI Qian*(), DU Gui-Juan   

  1. Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture of Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
  • Received:2025-01-16 Accepted:2025-06-01 Online:2025-09-12 Published:2025-06-10
  • Contact: *E-mail: libai200008@126.com; E-mail: caiqian2005@126.com E-mail:yangshu-2002@163.com;libai200008@126.com;caiqian2005@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500600);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101855);Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28090202);Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2401002);Subject Construction Program of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences(120520303)

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Abstract:

To elucidate the light resource utilization mechanism in maize‖alfalfa intercropping systems and identify the optimal row configuration for dryland agriculture in Northeast China, a field experiment was conducted in Fuxin, Liaoning—a representative dryland region—during 2021-2022. Five planting patterns were evaluated: intercropping of two rows of maize with two rows of alfalfa (2M2A), two rows of maize with four rows of alfalfa (2M4A), four rows of maize with four rows of alfalfa (4M4A), as well as sole maize (M) and sole alfalfa (A). The effects of intercropping on light distribution, plant traits, and yield were investigated. The results showed that the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within the alfalfa canopy was significantly lower than that within the maize canopy. Intercropping improved the light environment of maize: compared with sole maize, light transmittance at the ear layer increased by 28.8%-178.4%, and a similar trend was observed at the canopy base, though differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, the light environment in intercropped alfalfa deteriorated, with canopy light transmittance reduced by 21.4%-59.2% and bottom light transmittance reduced by 40.3%-50.3% compared to sole alfalfa. Intercropping significantly increased stem diameter, leaf area per plant at the filling stage, and ear length of maize, while ear diameter slightly increased and bald tip length slightly decreased. Maize yield in intercropping systems increased by 13.29%-28.22%, mainly due to a significant increase in ear number and grains per ear. However, alfalfa hay yield decreased by 20.91%-49.20% compared to sole alfalfa. In summary, intercropping altered the light distribution within the maize ‖ alfalfa system. An appropriate row configuration can balance light competition between the two crops, improve plant traits, and enhance yield. Among the systems tested, 2M4A showed the highest land equivalent ratio (1.01), indicating a moderate intercropping advantage, and its net economic benefit was 0.8% and 10.5% higher than that of sole maize and sole alfalfa, respectively. Although the land equivalent ratio of 4M4A was 1.00 (no intercropping advantage), its net benefit was still 1.9% and 11.8% higher than that of sole maize and sole alfalfa. Considering both intercropping advantages and economic returns, 2M4A is recommended as a suitable intercropping model for dryland areas in Northeast China.

Key words: maize, alfalfa, light distribution, plant traits, yield

Fig. 1

Field layout diagrams of different planting patterns and positions for light intensity measurement Black dots represent light intensity measurement positions. Mc, Ms, and Ac represent the inter-row space of sole maize, the row of sole maize and the inter-row space of alfalfa, respectively. IMc and IMs represent the middle of intercropping maize and the border row of intercropping maize. IAc and IAs represent the middle of intercropping alfalfa and the border row of intercropping alfalfa. M: sole maize; A: sole alfalfa; 2M2A: two rows of maize intercropping with two rows of alfalfa; 2M4A: two rows of maize intercropping with four rows of alfalfa; 4M4A: four rows of maize intercropping with four rows of alfalfa."

Fig. 2

Light distribution characteristics in maize ‖ alfalfa intercropping systems Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. PAR: photosynthetically active radiation."

Fig. 3

Light transmittance of maize and alfalfa under different planting patterns Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Effects of maize‖alfalfa intercropping on maize plant traits Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Effects of maize‖alfalfa intercropping on maize ear traits Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 1

Effects of maize‖alfalfa intercropping on maize yield and yield components"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting model		 穗数
Ear number
(×104 ear hm-2)		 双穗率
Double ear rate
(%)		 空秆率
Empty ears rate
(%)		 穗粒数
Kernel number per spike		 百粒重
100-kernel weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)
2021 2M2A 5.58±0.17 a 13.5±1.5 a 0.0±0.0 b 723.6±17.5 a 41.94±0.24 a 17.46±0.38 b
2M4A 5.67±0.08 a 17.3±1.9 a 0.0±0.0 b 734.7±9.8 a 42.41±0.39 a 18.76±0.14 a
4M4A 5.50±0.14 a 15.8±0.5 a 0.0±0.0 b 697.7±3.4 a 42.51±0.29 a 17.05±0.13 b
M 5.00±0.14 b 0.0±0.0 b 3.3±1.6 a 641.9±13.8 b 41.76±0.32 a 15.05±0.16 c
2022 2M2A 5.92±0.17 a 16.6±2.3 a b 0.0±0.0 a 754.6±16.3 a 37.40±0.42 b 16.48±0.50 a
2M4A 5.83±0.22 a 18.6±1.5 a 0.0±0.0 a 734.7±24.6 a 38.73±0.25 a 17.94±0.46 a
4M4A 5.83±0.22 a 11.1±3.2 b 0.0±0.0 a 715.9±25.8 a 38.96±0.05 a 16.72±0.39 a
M 5.17±0.08 b 0.0±0.0 c 1.6±1.6 a 627.7±17.4 b 36.28±0.47 b 13.99±0.37 b
P 种植模式Model 0.003** 0.000** 0.182ns 0.000** 0.001** 0.000**
年份Year 0.050* 0.947ns 0.978ns 0.507ns 0.000** 0.003**
种植模式 × 年份
Model × year		 0.915ns 0.129ns 1.000ns 0.622ns 0.050* 0.660ns

Fig. 6

Effects of maize‖alfalfa intercropping on the growth rate of alfalfa Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Effects of maize ‖ alfalfa intercropping on the hay yield of alfalfa"

种植模式
Planting model		 2021年干草产量
Hay yield in 2021 (t hm-2)		 2022年干草产量Hay yield in 2022 (t hm-2)
第1茬
1st hay		 第2茬
2nd hay		 第3茬
3rd hay		 总和
Total hay
2M2A 2.34±0.06 d 1.99±0.42 b 3.07±0.35 b — 5.05±0.71 c
2M4A 3.64±0.13 b 2.37±0.19 ab 4.38±0.21 b — 6.76±0.13 b
4M4A 3.17±0.17 c 1.99±0.22 b 4.11±0.18 b — 6.10±0.37 bc
A 4.60±0.14 a 3.04±0.17 a 4.39±0.28 a 2.16±0.30 9.60±0.28 a

Fig. 7

Land equivalent ratio of different cropping systems Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. LER: land equivalent ratio."

Table 3

Effects of maize‖alfalfa intercropping on economic benefits"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Planting model		 投入Cost input (Yuan hm-2) 产值Gross revenue (Yuan hm-2) 纯收益Net benefit (Yuan hm-2)
玉米
Maize		 紫花苜蓿Alfalfa 总计
Total		 玉米
Maize		 紫花苜蓿Alfalfa 总计
Total		 玉米
Maize		 紫花苜蓿Alfalfa 总计
Total
2021 2M2A 5030 2025 7055 23,280 2730 26,010 18,250 705 18,955
2M4A 3773 3038 6811 18,760 6370 25,130 14,987 3332 18,319
4M4A 5030 2025 7055 22,740 3710 26,450 17,710 1685 19,395
M 7545 — 7545 30,100 — 30,100 22,555 — 22,555
A — 6075 6075 — 16,100 16,100 — 10,025 10,025
2022 2M2A 5030 2125 7155 21,980 5880 27,860 16,950 3755 20,705
2M4A 3773 3138 6911 17,940 11,830 29,770 14,167 8692 22,859
4M4A 5030 2125 7155 22,300 7105 29,405 17,270 4980 22,250
M 7545 — 7545 27,980 — 27,980 20,435 — 20,435
A — 6375 6375 — 33,600 33,600 — 27,225 27,225
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