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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 161-171.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34070

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of bandwidth and plant spacing on biomass accumulation and allocation and yield formation in strip intercropping soybean

YUAN Xiao-Ting(), WANG Tian, LUO Kai, LIU Shan-Shan, PENG Xin-Yue, YANG Li-Da, PU Tian, WANG Xiao-Chun, YANG Wen-Yu, YONG Tai-Wen*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2023-04-10 Accepted:2023-06-29 Online:2024-01-12 Published:2023-07-21
  • Contact: *E-mail: yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Agriculture Research System of China of MOF and MARA(CARS-04-PS20);Science and Technology Plan of Sichuan(21NZZH0063)

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Abstract:

Reasonable field configuration can improve crop growth environment and increase system yield in intercropping systems. To further improve the field configuration technology for high yield and efficiency in the soybean-maize strip intercropping system in Southwest China, the soybean-maize strip intercropping system was used as the research object, and two factor split zone design was adopted. The effects of two bandwidths of 2.0 m (B1) and 2.4 m (B2) and four plant spacings of 9 cm (P1), 11 cm (P2), 14 cm (P3), and 18 cm (P4) on soybean biomass accumulation, allocation, grain filling, and yield were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of each plant spacing treatment under B2 bandwidth was higher than that of B1, and the two-year average increased by 14.26% compared with B1 under B2. At the same bandwidth, the net photosynthetic rate reached the maximum in B1P4 and B2P4, which increased by 13.57% and 25.21% compared with B1P1 and B2P1 at flowering stage, respectively. The biomass accumulation of soybean population increased and then decreased with the increase of plant spacing under the two bandwidths, and reached the maximum at B1P3 and B2P2, respectively, and B2 increased by 9.82%-22.08% compared with B1 at maturity stage. And the increase of bandwidth and plant spacing promoted the accumulation and transfer of soybean post-flowering matter to grain. Compared with B1, post-flowering dry matter accumulation and dry matter transfer increased by 13.82-28.01% and 13.38%-37.76% under B2 treatment, respectively, and the proportion of grain matter accumulation increased to 41.80%-44.26%. The increase of biomass accumulation improved the grain filling process, and the active grain-filling period (D) of soybean under B2 was extended by 2-3 days compared with B1. The mean grain-filling rate reached its maximum at P4 and increased by 5.80% and 6.58% compared with P1 under the two bandwidths. The yield results showed that, with the increase of bandwidth and plant spacing, the effective plants decreased, and the seeds per plan and 100-seed weight increased in the soybean-maize strip intercropping model. The soybean yield under B2 bandwidth increased by 22.32%-36.87% compared with B1, it reached the maximum in B1P3 and B2P2 under the two bandwidths, respectively, and increased by 17.83%-26.44% and 10.71%-10.76% compared with B1P1 and B2P1 for two years. In summary, the soybean plant spacing of 11 cm at the bandwidth of 2.4 m can effectively improve the post-flowering dry matter accumulation and allocation, promote grain filling, increase the number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight, improve soybean population yield, and achieve the high yield and high efficiency in the soybean-maize intercropping system.

Key words: intercropping soybean, bandwidth, plant spacing, biomass accumulation, yield

Table 1

Effect of bandwidth and plant spacing on soybean yield and yield component"

年份
Year		 带宽
Bandwidth		 株距
Plant spacing		 有效株数
Effective plants		 单株粒数
Seeds per plant		 百粒重
100-seed weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
2018 B1 P1 93,967±1590 a 52.5±4.1 c 19.4±0.4 b 956.8±76.4 b
P2 86,467±1443 b 62.2±2.7 b 20.5±0.4 a 1101.4±40.7 a
P3 80,356±1273 c 73.4±3.7 a 20.5±0.1 a 1209.8±56.6 a
B2 P1 86,930±802 a 79.6±5.5 b 20.3±0.4 a 1407.0±96.9 b
P2 84,485±549 b 85.5±0.8 b 20.9±0.4 a 1558.4±122 a
P3 78,270±345 c 95.1±3.4 a 20.9±0.9 a 1507.3±15.2 ab
2019 B1 P1 91,280±1342 a 60.6±2.1 d 18.1±0.5 b 1004.1±43.1 b
P2 84,265±2585 b 66.7±4.6 c 18.4±0.2 b 1034.0±47.4 b
P3 78,278±1812 c 77.7±2.5 b 19.5±0.5 a 1183.1±25.4 a
P4 61,557±511 d 93.3±2.9 a 19.8±0.3 a 1136.4±29.4 a
B2 P1 85,041±749 a 78.8±2.7 d 18.8±0.6 b 1260.9±36.8 c
P2 82,357±1699 b 87.6±2.2 c 19.4±0.5 ab 1395.9±13.4 a
P3 71,496±882 c 96.4±2.5 b 19.8±0.3 a 1366.0±6.3 ab
P4 58,597±1221 d 111.8±2.7 a 20.0±0.3 a 1307.6±61.5 bc
年份Year (Y) 40.6** 8.8** 80.1** 17.8**
带宽Bandwidth (B) 1.7** 388.4** 15.2** 290.8**
株距Plant spacing (P) 4.5** 87.9** 13.6** 26.0**
Y×B 1.9 4.6* 0.1 11.7**
Y×P 2.5 0.1 1.8 0.8
B×P 8.5** 0.4 0.7 3.3
Y×B×P 3.4* 0.9 0.6 1.4

Fig. 1

Effects of bandwidth and plant spacing on soybean net photosynthesis rate at different growth stages Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. R2: blooming flower stage; R5: beginning seed stage. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 2

Effect of bandwidth and plant spacing on soybean dry matter accumulation at different growth stage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. V5: the fifth trifoliate; R1: beginning flower stage; R3: beginning pod stage; R5: beginning seed stage; R8: maturity stage. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 3

Effect of bandwidth and plant spacing on soybean dry matter allocation of at different growth stage Treatments and stages are the same as those given in Fig. 2. Different lowercase letters mean significant difference between different treatments at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Effect of bandwidth and plant spacing on dry matter accumulation and transport after flowering"

年份Year 带宽
Band width		 株距
Plant spacing		 花后干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulation after flowering
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移量
Dry matter transfer amount
(kg hm-2)		 干物质转移率
Dry matter transfer ratio (%)		 转移干物质
对荚果贡献率
Transfer dry matter to pod contribution ratio (%)
2018 B1 P1 2231.3±190 b 833.4±77.6 a 37.70±1.94 a 41.88±3.68 a
P2 2344.8±171.2 ab 900.1±149.4 a 39.49±3.89 a 42.92±4.04 a
P3 2468.3±164.8 a 828.2±75.3 a 37.83±2.94 a 38.45±4.16 a
B2 P1 2770.9±22.0 b 1189.6±100.8 a 43.47±1.45 a 47.36±3.79 a
P2 3095.0±62.7 a 1180.7±55.5 a 42.39±1.52 a 44.16±2.52 a
P3 3150.8±87.9 a 1158.7±141.6 a 41.75±2.18 a 43.31±5.74 a
2019 B1 P1 1911.0±168.1 b 745.6±28.9 a 38.33±1.15 a 41.75±1.18 a
P2 1931.5±169.7 b 756.3±38.4 a 39.22±2.52 a 41.28±3.19 ab
P3 2202.1±69.7 a 657.9±74.7 a 35.21±3.22 a 33.21±4.92 b
P4 2086.4±145.6 ab 461.8±70.5 b 27.79±2.83 b 24.78±2.51 c
B2 P1 2376.3±234.8 ab 820.7±104.9 a 39.45±3.93 a 37.09±6.72 a
P2 2569.6±52.7 a 732.6±122.0 a 35.58±3.98 a 31.22±5.14 a
P3 2203.6±76.5 bc 745.6±96.3 a 39.65±3.84 a 35.82±4.87 a
P4 2105.5±61.1 c 673.4±145.6 a 38.04±3.99 a 33.63±6.96 a
年份Year (Y) 107.02** 72.41** 6.88* 18.39**
带宽Band width (B) 123.29** 33.28** 6.27* 0.01
株距Plant spacing (P) 6.33** 0.98 0.46 2.90
Y×B 9.80** 18.65** 3.39 7.26*
Y×P 2.44 0.47 0.31 0.17
B×P 4.86* 0.77 2.12 2.60
Y×B×P 4.51* 0.08 1.20 0.94

Fig. 4

Grain weight gain process and grain filling rate under different band width and plant spacing treatment Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. A and B represent the grain weight gain process and filling rate in 2019, respectively."

Table 3

Characteristics of soybean grain filling under different bandwidth and plant spacing treatment"

年份Year 带宽
Band width		 株距
Plant spacing		 Tmax
(d)		 Wmax
(mg g-1)		 Vmax
(mg g-1 d-1)		 Vmean
(mg g-1 d-1)		 D
(d)
2018 B1 P1 62.9±0.78 ab 10.3±0.44 a 0.69±0.025 a 0.212±0.002 b 44.7±3.5 b
P2 63.1±0.56 a 10.6±0.44 a 0.69±0.029 a 0.216±0.008 ab 45.9±0.8 ab
P3 62.9±0.73 ab 10.6±0.57 a 0.68±0.026 a 0.215±0.009 ab 46.8±0.7 ab
B2 P1 63.1±0.61 ab 10.7±0.18 a 0.68±0.021 a 0.216±0.003 ab 46.8±1.9 ab
P2 63.0±0.28 ab 10.9±0.19 a 0.68±0.015 a 0.219±0.002 ab 48.0±1.6 a
P3 62.1±0.46 b 10.8±0.18 a 0.70±0.019 a 0.222±0.004 a 46.1±1.0 ab
2019 B1 P1 58.6±0.22 a 9.22±0.16 f 0.89±0.015 a 0.224±0.003 f 31.1±0.5 b
P2 58.4±0.17 ab 9.29±0.06 ef 0.90±0.041 a 0.226±0.003 ef 31.1±1.6 b
P3 58.4±0.16 ab 9.57±0.13 cd 0.90±0.046 a 0.231±0.002 cd 31.8±2.0 ab
P4 58.2±0.23 bc 9.79±0.08 b 0.93±0.016 a 0.237±0.002 b 31.7±0.6 ab
B2 P1 58.6±0.24 a 9.46±0.13 de 0.89±0.01 a 0.228±0.001 de 31.8±0.7 ab
P2 58.7±0.35 a 9.78±0.15 bc 0.89±0.028 a 0.233±0.001 c 33.1±1.5 ab
P3 58.3±0.22 abc 9.98±0.08 ab 0.89±0.035 a 0.238±0.003 b 33.5±1.5 a
P4 58.0±0.23 c 10.06±0.16 a 0.93±0.007 a 0.243±0.002 a 32.6±0.7 ab
年份 (Y) 822.76** 146.09** 487.17** 94.01** 679.82**
带宽 (B) 0.22 13.10** 0.06 13.75** 5.69*
株距 (P) 3.07 4.87* 0.15 8.01** 1.36
Y×B 1.20 0.30 0.13 0.27 0.08
Y×P 0.60 0.83 0.02 0.84 0.30
B×P 1.28 0.08 0.34 0.35 0.68
Y×B×P 0.86 0.39 0.49 0.28 1.00
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