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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 1312-1324.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33025

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of different mulching measures on moisture and temperature of soil and yield and water use efficiency of spring maize

WANG Yong-Liang1,2(), XU Zi-Hang1,2, LI Shen1,2, LIANG Zhe-Ming1,2, BAI Ju1,2,*(), YANG Zhi-Ping1,2,*()   

  1. 1Shanxi Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Subject Group), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2023-04-26 Accepted:2024-01-12 Online:2024-05-12 Published:2024-02-08
  • Contact: E-mail: baiju@sxau.edu.cn; E-mail: yzpsx0208@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Shanxi Province(202201140601028);Modern Agricultural Technology Industry System of Shanxi Province(2023CYJSTX01-14);Transformation Program of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Shanxi Province(202104021301047);Doctoral Research Project of Shanxi Agricultural University(2021BQ123)

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Abstract:

The objectives of this study were to improve the water use efficiency of spring maize in the valley plains of the eastern Loess Plateau and to identify the most suitable surface mulching measure for spring maize cultivation in this region. Field experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2022 based on a seven-year long-term positioning experiment. Three treatments including no mulching control (CK), plastic film mulching (FM), and straw mulching (SM) were selected. The effects of different mulching measures on moisture content and temperature of soil as well as yield and water use efficiency of spring maize were investigated, and the dynamics of soil moisture, soil temperature, and the water productivity of spring maize at each growth stage during the two-year experimental period were systematically analyzed, so as to provide a scientific management measure of efficient water and fertilizer use in spring maize growing, which is beneficial to the sustainable agricultural development of the region. The results indicated that plastic film mulching had a temperature-raising effect compared with the control, showing an increase of 0.72-2.63℃ in soil temperature in two years. Straw mulching had a cooling effect and the soil temperature was reduced by 0.20-1.51℃ in two years. Compared with the control, the soil moisture content at the early growth stage of spring maize was increased in both FM and SM treatments, and the “alternation of wetting and drying” in soil was induced to promote water absorption, water use efficiency, and eventually crop yield. However, shallow roots were found in the plastic film mulching treatment although the growth of spring maize was promoted at the early stage of growth, which lowered water use efficiency at the later stage of growth and posed a risk of lodging (the lodging percentage reached 72.14% in 2021), and consequently affected yield formation. Compared with the FM treatment, the SM treatment exhibited stronger buffering capability to the fluctuation of soil moisture content as the “alternation of wetting and drying” in soil, coordinated the growth and development of spring maize at different stages. As a result, the water use efficiency was significantly improved by 25.17%-34.71% at the later growth stage, and the risk of lodging was reduced in SM. The mean values of the data in two years showed that, compared to plastic film mulching, straw mulching significantly improved the yield, water use efficiency, and the economic benefits by 8.55%, 10.23%, and by 12.57%, respectively. In summary, straw mulching could serve as the scientific management measure for the efficient and sustainable utilization of water and fertilizer in spring maize plantation in this region.

Key words: Loess Plateau, spring maize, mulching measures, yield, the economic income, water use efficiency

Fig. 1

Meteorological data of the experimental area from 2021 to 2022 PT is the sowing stage; V6 is the six-leaf stage; V10 is the ten-leaf stage; R1 is the silking stage; R3 is the filling stage; R5 is the wax ripening stage; R6 is the maturity stage."

Fig. 2

Average soil temperature of 0-25 cm under different mulching treatments CK is no mulching treatment, FM is plastic film mulching treatment, and SM is straw mulching treatment; V6 is the six-leaf stage, V10 is the ten-leaf stage, R1 is the silking stage, R3 is the filling stage, R5 is the wax ripening stage, R6 is the maturity stage, the number in parentheses is the number of days after sowing; and the vertical bar in the figure is the LSD difference line, P < 0.05."

Fig. 3

Different mulching treatments of 0-20 cm, 20-100 cm, and 100-200 cm soil “wet-dry alternation” CK is no mulching treatment, FM is plastic film mulching treatment, and SM is straw mulching treatment; V6 is the six-leaf stage, V10 is the ten-leaf stage, R1 is the silking stage, R3 is the filling stage, R6 is the maturity stage."

Fig. 4

Dry matter accumulation, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency of spring maize at different stages under different mulching treatments CK is no mulching treatment, FM is plastic film mulching treatment, and SM is straw mulching treatment; PT is the sowing stage, V6 is the six-leaf stage, V10 is the ten-leaf stage, R1 is the silking stage, R3 is the filling stage, R5 is the wax ripening stage, R6 is the maturity stage; The letters in the figure represent the differences between different treatments, P < 0.05."

Fig. 5

Root length density (a), root weight density (b), and root surface area density (c) of spring maize after different mulching treatments CK is no mulching treatment, FM is plastic film mulching treatment, and SM is straw mulching treatment. Different letters in the table indicate significant differences between the different treatments at P < 0.05."

Table 1

Lodging percentage, yield and water use efficiency of spring maize under different mulching treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 倒伏率
Lodging percentage
(%)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)		 耗水量
Evapotranspiration
(mm)		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2021 CK 3.31±0.58 b 14.37±0.19 b 575.63±0.44 a 24.96±0.35 b
FM 72.14±1.46 a 14.05±0.12 b 552.22±8.52 b 25.46±0.52 b
SM 4.04±0.79 b 16.11±0.75 a 553.82±3.44 b 28.91±1.12 a
2022 CK 1.27±1.36 a 12.00±0.09 b 460.52±7.32 a 26.08±0.60 c
FM 2.03±0.82 a 13.94±0.14 a 464.33±5.27 a 30.03±0.44 b
SM 1.76±0.53 a 14.28±0.32 a 442.62±2.11 b 32.26±0.70 a
均值
Mean		 CK - 13.18±0.12 b 518.07±3.53 a 25.52±0.39 c
FM - 14.00±0.13 b 508.27±1.75 b 27.75±0.29 b
SM - 15.19±0.53 a 499.72±2.45 b 30.59±0.90 a
方差分析 ANOVA
覆盖 Mulching (M) ** ** * **
年份 Year (Y) ** ns ** *
覆盖×年份 M×Y * ns ns ns

Table 2

Economic benefit of spring maize under different mulching treatments"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 总收入
Total income
(Yuan hm-2)		 覆盖支出
Mulching cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 肥料支出
Fertilizer cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 灌溉支出
Irrigation cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 其他支出
Others cost
(Yuan hm-2)		 经济效益
Economic benefit
(Yuan hm-2)
2021 CK 33,040.04±447.65 b 0 1800 1400 3638 26,202.04±447.65 b
FM 32,323.69±285.10 b 825 1800 1260 3638 24,800.69±285.10 b
SM 37,052.38±1715.36 a 475 1800 1260 3638 29,879.38±1715.36 a
2022 CK 27,599.45±206.92 b 0 1800 1400 3638 20,761.45±206.92 b
FM 32,065.25±311.30 a 825 1800 1260 3638 24,542.25±311.30 a
SM 32,839.63±745.76 a 475 1800 1260 3638 25,666.63±745.76 a
均值
Mean		 CK 30,319.75±272.69 b 0 1800 1400 3638 23,481.75±272.69 b
FM 32,194.47±296.42 b 825 1800 1260 3638 24,671.47±296.42 b
SM 34,946.00±1229.20 a 475 1800 1260 3638 27,773.00±1229.20 a
方差分析 ANOVA
覆盖 Mulching (M) ** — — — — **
年份 Year (Y) ns — — — — ns
覆盖×年份 M×Y ns — — — — ns
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