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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 395-407.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.94074

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of increasing planting density and decreasing nitrogen rate on dry matter, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, and yield of cotton

Shi-Hong WANG1,2,Zhong-Xu YANG2,Jia-Liang SHI3,Hai-Tao LI2,Xian-Liang SONG1,*(),Xue-Zhen SUN1,*()   

  1. 1. Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;
    2. Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
    3. Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Dezhou 253000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-05-15 Accepted:2019-09-26 Online:2020-03-12 Published:2019-10-09
  • Contact: Xian-Liang SONG,Xue-Zhen SUN E-mail:xlsong@sdau.edu.cn;sunxz@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601253);the China Agriculture Research System (Cotton)(CARS-18-37);the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of Cotton Construction in Shandong Province(SDAIT-03);the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2016CQ20)

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Abstract:

A field experiment was conducted using Liaomian 6 with the treatments of three plant densities (5.25×10 4, 6.75×10 4, and 8.25×10 4 plants hm -2), and five nitrogen rates (0, 105, 210, 315, and 420 kg hm -2) in 2016 and 2017. Compared with D5.25, D6.75, and D8.25 dry matter accumulation of cotton significantly increased by 17.6% and 28.7% in 2016, 12.6% and 20.9% in 2017, respectively. Compared with N0, N105, N210, N315, and N420 increased dry matter accumulation by 4.5%, 11.1%, 13.7%, 16.3% in 2016 and 3.6%, 13.5%, 15.3%, 19.8% in 2017, respectively. The dynamic curve of cotton dry matter and nitrogen absorption accumulation conformed to the Logistic model, and the maximal nitrogen accumulation (Ym) was obtained under D8.25 N420 treatment in 2016 and 2017. Compared to the average, the maximal biomass, duration of rapid accumulation (T), the maximal speed of accumulation (Vm) increased by 17.3% and 23.8%, 5.20% and 9.9%, 11.45% and 13.8%, respectively in two years. The starting date of rapid accumulation period (t1) was 4.1 d and 6.4 d earlier for nitrogen than for dry matter, indicating that the nutrient absorption of cotton was the premise of dry matter accumulation. The lint yield of D5.25N315, D6.75N210 and D6.75N105 in 2016 as well as D5.25N315 and D6.75N210 in 2017 was significantly higher than that of other treatments. The interaction effect of planting density and nitrogen application amount significantly affected cotton yield. Increasing planting density and reducing nitrogen application amount can obtain high yield. It is recommended for this region that the cotton planting density should be increased from 5.25×10 4 to 6.75×10 4 plants hm -2, and the amount of nitrogen application decreased from 300 kg hm -2 to 105 kg hm -2in the first year, and then to 210 kg hm -2 in the next year.

Key words: cotton, plant density, nitrogen rate, dry matter, yield

Fig. 1

Mean daily temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration of cotton growing season in 2016 and 2017"

Table 1

Eigen values of cotton dry matter accumulation dynamics under different nitrogen fertilizer rate and planting density treatments"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)
种植密度Plant density (×104 plants hm-2)
D5.25 11363.4 72.1 110.1 91.1 197.3 38.0 11390.2 67.5 108.1 87.8 184.3 40.6
D6.75 14377.1 73.8 116.7 95.3 221.5 42.8 12545.3 66.2 106.7 86.5 203.7 40.6
D8.25 15902.2 72.0 118.7 95.4 225.6 46.7 13935.1 66.1 111.9 89.0 200.5 45.8
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 12925.3 73.7 117.0 95.4 195.1 43.3 10891.9 64.6 106.3 85.5 172.0 41.7
N105 13469.8 72.8 116.2 94.5 205.7 43.3 11955.7 65.9 108.2 87.1 186.0 42.3
N210 14235.7 72.8 115.0 94.0 221.2 42.2 12996.6 66.8 109.3 88.0 201.2 42.5
N315 14595.4 72.2 114.7 93.4 225.2 42.5 13117.0 66.9 108.4 87.7 207.9 41.5
N420 14178.2 71.6 112.7 92.2 226.7 41.1 14156.4 68.7 112.2 90.4 213.7 43.6
种植密度×施氮量Plant density×N rate
D5.25×N0 10330.1 72.5 110.7 91.6 178.5 38.1 10044.1 66.2 104.7 85.5 171.8 38.5
D5.25×N105 10976.7 72.2 110.5 91.4 189.5 38.2 10370.4 66.0 105.5 85.7 172.6 39.5
D5.25×N210 11632.4 72.4 109.7 91.0 205.5 37.3 11781.5 67.7 109.0 88.3 187.5 41.3
D5.25×N315 12084.2 71.5 110.2 90.8 206.3 38.6 11908.0 67.9 108.8 88.4 191.4 40.9
D5.25×N420 11793.4 71.7 109.4 90.5 206.7 37.7 12847.2 69.7 112.3 91.0 198.1 42.6
D6.75×N0 13856.2 75.3 120.2 97.8 202.5 44.9 10773.0 64.0 104.7 84.4 174.7 40.7
D6.75×N105 14109.2 74.3 119.1 96.7 207.4 44.8 11976.6 66.2 106.1 86.2 197.7 39.9
D6.75×N210 14215.0 73.1 115.2 94.2 222.7 42.1 12568.9 65.6 105.1 85.4 209.5 39.5
D6.75×N315 15082.1 73.3 115.3 94.3 236.4 42.0 13201.8 66.8 106.9 86.9 217.0 40.1
D6.75×N420 14623.0 73.0 113.5 93.3 238.4 40.4 14206.0 68.1 110.7 89.4 219.4 42.6
D8.25×N0 14589.7 73.3 120.2 96.8 204.4 47.0 11858.7 63.7 109.6 86.7 169.6 46.0
D8.25×N105 15323.4 72.0 118.9 95.4 220.2 46.9 13520.2 65.6 112.9 89.3 187.7 47.4
D8.25×N210 16859.7 73.0 120.3 96.7 235.4 47.3 14639.3 67.1 113.7 90.4 206.5 46.7
D8.25×N315 16619.8 71.7 118.6 95.2 233.0 47.0 14241.1 66.0 109.6 87.8 215.3 43.6
D8.25×N420 16118.3 70.1 115.2 92.7 235.1 45.1 15416.1 68.2 113.7 90.9 223.6 45.5
平均Average 13880.9 72.6 115.1 93.9 214.8 42.5 12623.5 66.6 108.9 87.8 196.2 42.3

Fig. 2

Dynamics of cotton biomass under different nitrogen fertilizer rate and planting density treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 2

Eigen values of cotton nitrogen accumulation dynamics under different nitrogen fertilizer rate and planting density treatments"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 tm
(d)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 T
(d)
种植密度Plant density (×104 plants·hm-2)
D5.25 245.7 71.7 119.5 95.6 3.4 47.8 223.4 62.3 105.5 83.9 3.4 43.2
D6.75 256.9 69.0 116.5 92.8 3.6 47.5 237.2 60.1 101.7 80.9 3.8 41.6
D8.25 260.0 64.7 113.7 89.2 3.5 49.0 235.7 58.1 99.8 79.0 3.7 41.7
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 193.3 65.1 108.1 86.6 3.0 42.9 174.3 56.2 92.1 74.1 3.2 35.9
N105 245.6 69.2 118.9 94.1 3.3 49.7 218.5 59.2 102.5 80.9 3.3 43.2
N210 271.0 69.5 121.1 95.3 3.5 51.6 246.7 60.9 104.8 82.8 3.7 43.8
N315 281.1 69.4 117.6 93.5 3.9 48.2 255.1 61.7 104.2 82.9 4.0 42.5
N420 280.1 69.0 117.1 93.1 3.9 48.1 265.9 62.8 108.1 85.5 3.9 45.4
种植密度×施氮量Plant density×N rate
D5.25×N0 192.2 69.4 112.4 90.9 3.0 43.0 171.7 58.8 95.2 77.0 3.1 36.4
D5.25×N105 231.4 72.1 118.3 95.2 3.3 46.2 214.3 61.6 106.7 84.2 3.1 45.1
D5.25×N210 258.0 72.0 122.3 97.2 3.4 50.3 239.8 63.0 107.2 85.1 3.6 44.2
D5.25×N315 274.8 72.4 122.6 97.5 3.6 50.2 250.6 64.2 110.3 87.2 3.6 46.1
D5.25×N420 271.9 72.4 121.8 97.1 3.6 49.4 240.6 63.9 108.1 86.0 3.6 44.2
D6.75×N0 196.5 64.7 109.2 87.0 2.9 44.5 177.5 56.0 92.3 74.2 3.2 36.4
D6.75×N105 254.7 70.3 121.5 95.9 3.3 51.2 223.0 59.5 101.6 80.6 3.5 42.0
D6.75×N210 279.1 70.9 122.7 96.8 3.6 51.8 258.2 61.2 104.9 83.1 3.9 43.7
D6.75×N315 284.0 70.1 115.8 92.9 4.1 45.7 257.5 61.6 101.9 81.7 4.2 40.3
D6.75×N420 270.2 69.1 113.4 91.3 4.0 44.3 269.8 62.0 107.7 84.8 3.9 45.6
D8.25×N0 191.1 61.3 102.6 81.9 3.1 41.3 173.6 53.7 88.8 71.3 3.3 35.1
D8.25×N105 250.6 65.3 116.9 91.1 3.3 51.6 218.3 56.6 99.1 77.8 3.4 42.5
D8.25×N210 275.9 65.5 118.2 91.9 3.5 52.7 242.2 58.5 102.1 80.3 3.7 43.6
D8.25×N315 284.3 65.7 114.5 90.1 3.9 48.8 257.1 59.3 100.3 79.8 4.1 41.0
D8.25×N420 298.1 65.6 116.2 90.9 3.9 50.6 287.4 62.4 108.7 85.6 4.1 46.4
平均Average 254.2 68.5 116.6 92.5 3.5 48.1 232.1 60.2 102.3 81.2 3.6 42.2

Fig. 3

Dynamics of nitrogen accumulation under different nitrogen fertilizer rate and planting density treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen application and planting density on dry matter distribution of cotton (kg hm-2)"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO		 营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO
种植密度Plant density (×104 plant hm-2)
D5.25 5008.6 c (44.6) 6184.5 c (55.4) 4842.2 c (43.3) 6317.8 c (56.7)
D6.75 6259.7 b (47.5) 6902.1 b (52.5) 5713.9 b (45.4) 6847.5 b (54.6)
D8.25 7114.0 a (49.3) 7286.1 a (50.7) 6406.1 a (47.4) 7082.7 a (52.6)
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 5365.9 d (45.2) 6473.0 b (54.8) 4910.9 d (43.6) 6319.7 b (56.4)
N105 5788.7 c (46.5) 6581.1 b (53.5) 5155.9 c (44.1) 6483.0 b (55.9)
N210 6205.8 b (46.8) 6944.8 a (53.2) 5855.4 b (45.8) 6892.7 a (54.2)
N315 6462.8 b (47.7) 7002.0 a (52.3) 5987.6 b (46.1) 6956.9 a (53.9)
N420 6813.9 a (49.4) 6953.6 a (50.6) 6360.7 a (47.2) 7094.4 a (52.8)
种植密度×施氮量Plant density × N rate
D5.25×N0 4725.7 g (43.4) 6155.9 d (56.6) 4326.7 f (41.3) 6142.7 d (58.7)
D5.25×N105 4633.6 g (42.8) 6176.8 d (57.2) 4297.0 f (41.2) 6139.7 d (58.8)
D5.25×N210 4742.6 g (43.2) 6234.7 d (56.8) 5005.7 e (44.0) 6381.0 d (56.0)
D5.25×N315 5126.6 fg (45.3) 6160.1 d (54.7) 5048.0 e (44.1) 6406.7 d (55.9)
D5.25×N420 5814.8 e (48.5) 6195.2 d (51.5) 5534.0 cd (45.9) 6519.0 cd (54.1)
D6.75×N0 5455.1 ef (45.2) 6606.5 c (54.8) 4876.7 e (43.8) 6263.7 d (56.2)
D6.75×N105 5832.6 e (47.3) 6497.9 cd (52.7) 5202.0 de (44.6) 6459.0 cd (55.4)
D6.75×N210 6432.6 cd (47.5) 7091.3 b (52.5) 5908.0 bc (45.7) 7032.7 ab (54.3)
D6.75×N315 6753.8 c (48.1) 7289.7 ab (51.9) 5990.0 b (45.6) 7133.0 ab (54.4)
D6.75×N420 6824.5 c (49.3) 7025.2 b (50.7) 6593.0 a (47.3) 7349.3 a (52.7)
D8.25×N0 5917.1 de (47.1) 6656.7 c (52.9) 5529.3 cd (45.8) 6552.7 cd (54.2)
D8.25×N105 6900.1 bc (49.4) 7068.7 b (50.6) 5968.7 b (46.6) 6850.3 bc (53.4)
D8.25×N210 7442.1 ab (49.8) 7508.3 a (50.2) 6652.7 a (47.8) 7264.3 ab (52.2)
D8.25×N315 7508.0 a (49.8) 7556.3 a (50.2) 6924.7 a (48.6) 7331.0 a (51.4)
D8.25×N420 7802.5 a (50.5) 7640.4 a (49.5) 6955.0 a (48.4) 7415.0 a (51.6)
变异来源 Source of variation
种植密度Density (D) ** ** ** **
施氮量Nitrogen (N) ** ** ** **
种植密度×施氮量 D×N ns ** ns ns

Table 4

Effects of nitrogen application and planting density on nitrogen distribution in cotton (kg hm-2)"

处理
Treatment		 2016 2017
营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO		 营养器官分配量
DVO		 生殖器官分配量
DRO
种植密度Plant density (×104 plants hm-2)
D5.25 96.8 b (44.1) 122.4 b (55.9) 93.0 c (43.7) 119.7 c (56.3)
D6.75 105.4 a (45.2) 127.6 a (54.8) 100.8 b (44.0) 127.9 a (56.0)
D8.25 107.3 a (45.4) 129.1 a (54.6) 104.2 a (45.7) 123.0 b (54.3)
施氮量N rate (kg hm-2)
N0 81.7 c (44.6) 101.6 c (55.4) 75.0 e (43.6) 97.1 d (56.4)
N105 99.3 b (45.3) 119.7 b (54.7) 92.1 d (43.8) 118.3 c (56.2)
N210 103.3 b (43.3) 135.0 a (56.7) 105.6 c (44.7) 130.6 b (55.3)
N315 114.2 a (45.0) 139.2 a (55.0) 109.9 b (44.9) 134.9 a (55.1)
N420 117.4 a (46.2) 136.2 a (53.8) 114.0 a (45.4) 136.7 a (54.6)
种植密度×施氮量Plant density×N rate
D5.25×N0 79.2 g (44.0) 100.8 f (56.0) 73.5 i (43.5) 95.6 h (56.5)
D5.25×N105 95.6 f (45.7) 113.4 e (54.3) 88.1 h (43.4) 115.2 g (56.6)
D5.25×N210 94.0 f (41.6) 131.9 bc (58.4) 99.4 fg (43.6) 128.5 cd (56.4)
D5.25×N315 108.0 cde (44.8) 132.9 bc (55.2) 102.3 def (43.5) 132.6 bc (56.5)
D5.25×N420 107.0 cde (44.6) 132.8 bc (55.4) 101.6 ef (44.5) 126.5 cde (55.5)
D6.75×N0 82.4 g (44.4) 103.2 f (55.6) 76.2 i (43.5) 98.9 h (56.5)
D6.75×N105 103.4 def (46.1) 121.0 de (53.9) 94.4 gh (43.7) 121.4 efg (56.3)
D6.75×N210 106.6 cde (43.7) 137.2 ab (56.3) 108.3 cde (43.8) 138.8 ab (56.2)
D6.75×N315 118.7 b (45.6) 141.4 ab (54.4) 110.9 bc (44.4) 138.9 ab (55.6)
D6.75×N420 116.1 bc (46.2) 135.0 ab (53.8) 114.0 bc (44.6) 141.4 a (55.4)
D8.25×N0 83.6 g (45.4) 100.8 f (54.6) 75.3 i (43.8) 96.8 h (56.2)
D8.25×N105 98.9 ef (44.2) 124.9 cd (55.8) 93.8 gh (44.2) 118.4 fg (55.8)
D8.25×N210 109.2 bcd (44.6) 136.0 ab (55.4) 109.0 cd (46.6) 124.6 def (53.4)
D8.25×N315 115.8 bc (44.7) 143.1 a (55.3) 116.5 b (46.7) 133.3 bc (53.3)
D8.25×N420 129.1 a (47.9) 140.7 ab (52.1) 126.4 a (47.1) 142.1 a (52.9)
变异来源 Source of variation
种植密度Density (D) ** * ** **
施氮量Nitrogen (N) ** ** ** **
种植密度×施氮量 D×N ns ns ** **

Table 5

Effects of increased planting density with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on cotton yield and yield components"

密度
Plant density
(×104 plants hm-2)		 施氮量
N rate
(kg hm-2)		 铃数
Boll density
(×104 bolls hm-2)		 铃重
Boll weight
(g boll-1)		 衣分
Lint percentage
(%)		 籽棉实产
Seed cotton yield
(kg hm-2)		 皮棉实产
Lint yield
(kg hm-2)
2016
D5.25 N0 64.6 d 5.3 cd 41.9 a 3283.7 e 1375.1 e
N105 71.8 c 5.6 b 41.7 a 3584.3 d 1493.1 d
N210 72.4 c 5.8 a 41.6 a 3998.0 bc 1662.2 bc
N315 71.7 c 6.0 a 41.8 a 4234.3 a 1769.7 a
N420 71.6 c 5.4 bc 41.7 a 3964.7 c 1653.9 bc
D6.75 N0 66.9 d 5.6 b 41.5 a 3425.0 e 1421.1 e
N105 76.3 b 5.6 b 41.5 a 4126.0 ab 1713.0 ab
N210 78.0 b 5.9 a 41.5 a 4208.3 a 1745.3 a
N315 76.5 b 5.6 b 41.7 a 3898.0 c 1626.6 c
D6.75 N420 76.5 b 5.6 b 41.4 a 3714.7 d 1538.5 d
D8.25 N0 72.5 c 5.2 d 41.8 a 3373.0 e 1409.3 e
N105 82.0 a 5.2 d 41.5 a 3591.7 d 1490.3 d
N210 84.7 a 5.3 cd 41.7 a 3659.3 d 1526.8 d
N315 84.2 a 5.6 b 41.8 a 3581.3 d 1497.7 d
N420 83.3 a 5.3 cd 41.8 a 3609.3 d 1506.9 d
2017
D5.25 N0 69.0 f 5.4 c 41.2 a 3391.3 e 1396.3 e
N105 76.0 d 5.7 ab 41.0 a 3859.3 d 1583.7 d
N210 75.8 d 5.7 ab 41.0 a 4157.7 b 1704.7 b
N315 76.7 d 5.8 a 41.1 a 4429.3 a 1818.3 a
N420 76.3 d 5.6 ab 41.5 a 4096.3 b 1699.0 b
D6.75 N0 69.9 f 5.5 c 41.3 a 3471.0 e 1433.0 e
N105 80.2 c 5.7 ab 41.4 a 4117.7 b 1705.7 b
N210 81.5 c 5.8 a 41.4 a 4415.7 a 1826.3 a
N315 80.9 c 5.6 b 41.2 a 4017.0 bc 1653.3 bc
N420 81.8 c 5.7 ab 41.2 a 3896.0 cd 1605.7 cd
D8.25 N0 73.3 e 5.3 c 41.0 a 3519.3 e 1444.3 e
N105 85.3 ab 5.4 c 41.5 a 3770.7 d 1564.0 d
N210 85.9 ab 5.4 c 41.2 a 3898.3 cd 1607.7 cd
N315 87.6 a 5.4 c 41.1 a 3901.0 cd 1605.0 cd
N420 85.1 b 5.4 c 41.4 a 3778.3 d 1564.3 d
变异来源 Source of variation
年份Year ** ns ns ** **
种植密度Density (D) ** ** ns ** **
施氮量Nitrogen (N) ** ** ns ** **
种植密度×施氮量 D×N ** ** ns ** **
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