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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (5): 929-941.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01047

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response of photosynthetic performance of intercropped wheat to interaction intensity between above- and below-ground

WANG Yi-Fan(), YIN Wen, HU Fa-Long, FAN Hong, FAN Zhi-Long, ZHAO Cai, YU Ai-Zhong, CHAI Qiang*()   

  1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2020-06-08 Accepted:2020-11-13 Online:2021-05-12 Published:2020-12-22
  • Contact: CHAI Qiang E-mail:wangyf@gsau.edu.cn;chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771738);Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-03Y10)

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Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of above-ground and underground interaction intensity of intercropped population on the photosynthetic performance of intercropped wheat and to provide a basis for further revealing the photosynthetic mechanism of crop yield advantage in intercropping system. From 2015 to 2017 wheat intercropping with maize was taken as the research object. Three root separation methods were designed: no root separation (complete below-ground interaction treatment, W/M), 300 mesh nylon net separation (partial below-ground interaction treatment, NW/M), 0.12 mm plastic cloth separation (no below-ground interaction treatment, PW/M), and tow level maize densities. Meanwhile, the corresponding monocluture was carried out. The results showed that the Pn of intercropped wheat was significantly increased by the complete below-ground interaction treatment during per-symbiotic period and late symbiotic period of wheat/maize intercropping, with the increase of maize density the Pn of wheat increased during late symbiotic period. During per-symbiotic period, mid-symbiotic period and late symbiotic period of wheat/maize intercropping, the complete below-ground interaction treatment can significantly improve the Gs, Ci of intercropped wheat. The increase of maize density can promote the increase of Gs in the complete below-ground interaction treatment and partial below-ground interaction treatment during per-symbiotic period. The Tr of leaves was higher during mid-symbiotic period and late symbiotic period of wheat/maize intercropping without below-ground interaction treatment, while the Tr of leaves remained lower in both stages of complete below-ground interaction and partial below-ground interaction. Complete below-ground interaction treatment was helpful to increase the daily leaf area (LAD) in wheat, with the development of growth process, the increase ratio was larger. Complete belowground interaction treatment significantly increased the SPAD of leaves during mid-symbiotic period, which was beneficial to increase photosynthetic intensity. Intercropped wheat had significant yield-increasing effect. The grain yield of wheat under complete below-ground interaction treatment reached 76.8% of the corresponding single-cropped, which had the advantage of significantly increasing the grain yield of intercropping population. Moreover, the enhancement of above-ground interaction intensity was conducive to the positive effect of complete below-ground interaction treatment. The intensity of above- and below-ground interaction was one of the important factors affecting the photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped wheat.

Key words: intercropping, above- and below-ground interaction intensity, wheat, photosynthetic performance, yield

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of wheat/maize intercropping and root separation Field layout of wheat/maize intercropping with a strip of 80 cm of wheat crops (six rows) alternated with a strip of 80 cm of maize crops (two rows), without physical barrier, with a nylon mesh, and with a solid plastic sheet, between wheat and maize strips. Plastic sheet and nylon mesh were placed vertically to the depth of 100 cm to separate the rooting zones between the two intercrops."

Fig. 2

Temporal dynamics of photosynthetic rate of intercropped wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities W: sole wheat; M1: sole maize in low density; M2: sole maize in high density; N: nylon mesh barrier; P: plastic sheet barrier. The error bars indicate standard errors."

Fig. 3

Temporal dynamics of stomatal conductance of intercropped wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities W: sole wheat; M1: sole maize in low density; M2: sole maize in high density; N: nylon mesh barrier; P: plastic sheet barrier. The error bar indicates standard error."

Fig. 4

Temporal dynamics of Ci of intercropped wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities W: sole wheat; M1: sole maize in low density; M2: sole maize in high density; N: nylon mesh barrier; P: plastic sheet barrier. The error bar indicates standard error."

Fig. 5

Temporal dynamics of Tr of intercropped wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities W: sole wheat; M1: sole maize in low density; M2: sole maize in high density; N: nylon mesh barrier; P: plastic sheet barrier. The error bar indicates standard error."

Fig. 6

Temporal dynamics of SPAD of intercropped wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities W: sole wheat; M1: sole maize in low density; M2: sole maize in high density; N: nylon mesh barrier; P: plastic sheet barrier. The error bar indicates standard error. Different letters above error bars indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among treatments."

Table 1

Leaf daily accumulation of intercropping wheat at different stages under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 小麦间作玉米共生前期
Per-symbiotic period		 小麦间作玉米共生中期
Mid-symbiotic period		 小麦间作玉米共生后期
Late symbiotic period
2015 W 71.3 ab 84.9 c 55.7 cd
W/M1 75.4 a 119.2 a 76.3 a
W/M2 78.6 a 109.7 a 74.3 a
NW/M1 69.2 b 102.3 b 68.9 b
NW/M2 70.0 b 97.4 b 69.1 b
PW/M1 61.8 c 88.2 c 58.3 c
PW/M2 65.0 bc 81.9 c 52.9 d
2016 W 68.9 b 87.8 cd 55.3 d
W/M1 76.0 a 109.7 a 77.8 a
W/M2 76.4 a 105.3 ab 70.4 b
NW/M1 71.2 b 100.4 b 66.3 c
NW/M2 71.4 b 97.4 b 65.2 c
PW/M1 62.8 c 89.4 c 55.8 d
PW/M2 64.1 c 83.6 d 57.9 d
2017 W 72.8 b 88.3 b 57.6 c
W/M1 77.0 a 105.4 a 70.4 a
W/M2 76.8 a 98.7 a 72.3 a
NW/M1 65.4 c 89.3 b 66.1 b
NW/M2 70.1 b 88.8 b 60.4 b
PW/M1 59.8 d 80.2 bc 53.9 d
PW/M2 61.8 c 77.9 c 50.4 d
显著性 Significant
年际 Year (Y) NS NS NS
种植模式 Planting pattern (P) ** ** **
地下互作强度 Below-ground interaction (I) ** ** **
密度 Density (D) NS NS NS
I×D NS NS NS

Table 2

Grain yield and population grain yield of intercropping wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensity"

处理
Treatment		 2015 2016 2017
小麦
Wheat		 总和
Total		 土地当量比LER 小麦
Wheat		 总和
Total		 土地当量比LER 小麦
Wheat		 总和
Total		 土地当量比LER
W 6070 a 6070 f 6313 a 6313 f 6182 a 6182 e
W/M1 4434 b 13,584 b 1.44 b 5327 b 15,781 bc 1.68 a 4697 c 15,279 b 1.59 a
W/M2 4514 b 15,322 a 1.53 a 5400 b 17,203 a 1.63 a 4942 b 16,641 a 1.59 a
NW/M1 4002 c 12,761 c 1.34 c 5026 c 14,926 d 1.60 a 4422 d 13,326 de 1.41 b
NW/M2 3917 c 13,769 b 1.36 b 4876 cd 16,271 b 1.52 b 4153 e 13,959 d 1.34 b
PW/M1 3451 d 11,600 e 1.20 d 4718 d 12,722 e 1.40 c 3700 f 11,859 f 1.15 c
PW/M2 3609 d 12,045 d 1.21 d 4475 e 13,626 c 1.30 d 3626 f 11,860 f 1.24 c
显著性 Significant
年际 Year (Y) NS NS NS — — — — — —
种植模式 Planting pattern (P) ** ** — ** ** — ** ** —
密度 Density (D) NS ** ** ** ** ** * ** NS
地下作用强度
Below-ground interaction (I)		 ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** **
I×D NS ** ** NS NS ** * NS **

Fig. 7

Harvest index (HI) of intercropped wheat under different above- and below-ground interaction intensities W: sole wheat; M1: sole maize in low density; M2: sole maize in high density; N: nylon mesh barrier; P: plastic sheet barrier. The error bar indicates standard error. Different letters above error bars indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among treatments."

Table 3

Correlation of grain yield with Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr, SPAD, and LAD"

项目
Item		 指标
Index		 小麦间作玉米共生前期
Pre-symbiotic period		 小麦间作玉米共生中期
Mid-symbiotic period		 小麦间作玉米共生后期
Late symbiotic period
总产量
Total yield		 Pn 0.18 -0.26 0.13
Gs 0.53* 0.20 -0.27
Ci 0.34 0.45* 0.57**
Tr -0.39 -0.43 0.11
SPAD -0.17 0.59** 0.50*
LAD 0.42 0.52* 0.64**
小麦产量
Wheat yield		 Pn 0.11 -0.23 0.51*
Gs 0.00 -0.32 -0.05
Ci 0.09 0.17 0.19
Tr 0.46* 0.13 -0.61**
SPAD 0.85** -0.17 0.06
LAD 0.52* 0.27 0.21
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