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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1502-1515.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13021

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Regulation of leaf-spraying glycine betaine on yield formation and antioxidation of summer maize sowed in different dates

CHEN Jing1(), REN Bai-Zhao1,2, ZHAO Bin1, LIU Peng1, ZHANG Ji-Wang1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Maize Technology Innovation Center, Laizhou 261400, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-04-07 Accepted:2021-09-09 Online:2022-06-12 Published:2021-10-09
  • Contact: ZHANG Ji-Wang E-mail:15650451831@163.com;jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program(2021LZGC014-2);National Modern Agricultural Technology and Industry System(CARS-02-18);Shandong Central Guiding the Local Science and Technology Development(YDZX20203700002548)

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Abstract:

In order to explore the regulation of leaf-spraying glycine betaine on yield formation and antioxidation in summer maize, Jingnongke 728 (JNK) and Denghai 618 (DH) were selected as experimental materials at three different sowing dates of June 5 (early sowing date, E), June 15 (normal sowing date, N), and June 25 (late sowing date, L) from 2019 to 2020. Besides, two leaf-spraying time treatments were conducted by using 10 mmol L-1 glycine betaine (GB) and clear water (CK) at V6 and V12 stages. The results showed that compared with CK, the yield of summer maize JNK and DH after spraying glycine betaine increased by 3.05%-12.81% and 2.08%-7.83%, respectively. The average total number of florets of JNK obtained in the different treatment of E, N, and L increased by 5.09%, 4.70%, and 2.27%, respectively, which was not notably changed among DH in 2019. In contrast, the average total number of florets of DH at the sowing dates of E, N, and L increased by 8.28%, 3.95%, 4.81%, respectively, which was not notably changed among JNK in 2020 after spraying betaine. The kernels per ear increased by 0.22%-6.45%, and the 100-kernel weight of E, N, and L increased by 0.88, 0.06, and -0.46 g, respectively. In addition, the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT increased by 1.23%, 3.36%, and 3.20%, respectively, while the content of MDA decreased by 11.73%. In conclusion, spraying betaine could reduce the yield difference at different sowing dates and was beneficial to improve the productivity of summer maize at different sowing dates.

Key words: summer maize, glycine betaine, yield, seed setting rate, grain filling

Fig. 1

Temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation during the summer maize growth stage from 2019 to 2020"

Fig. 2

Effects of glycine betaine on yield and yield components of summer maize at different sowing dates E-CK: June 5 as the control; N-CK: June 15 as the control; L-CK: June 25 as the control; E-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 5; N-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 15; L-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 25. JNK: JNK728; DH: DH618. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 1

Variance analysis of yield and yield components of summer maize at different sowing dates after spraying glycine betaine"

变异来源
Source of variation		 自由度
Degrees of freedom		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 穗数
Harvest ear number
年份Year (Y) 1 ** ** ** **
播期 Sowing date (S) 2 ** ** ** **
品种 Hybrid (H) 1 ** ** ns **
甜菜碱 Glycine betaine (G) 1 ** ** * ns
S×G 2 ns ns ** **
S×H 2 ** ns ** **
H×G 1 ns ns ** ns
S×H×G 2 ns ns * ns

Table 2

Variation in yield and yield components of summer maize at different sowing dates after spraying glycine betaine (%)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 穗数
Harvest ear number		 单穗重
Weight per ear		 单位面积穗粒数
Kernels per area
2019 E-JNK 12.81 a 1.83 cd 8.36 a 2.23 b 10.34 a 4.11 b
E-DH 2.08 d 2.29 cd -0.85 b 0.64 b 1.42 b 2.95 b
N-JNK 6.62 bc 4.43 bc 2.09 b 0.00 c 6.62 a 4.43 b
N-DH 2.83 d 6.07 a -4.43 c 1.44 b 1.37 b 7.60 ab
L-JNK 4.38 cd 0.27 d -5.85 c 10.58 a -5.60 c 10.87 a
L-DH 3.64 cd 0.22 d -5.33 c 9.23 a -5.12 c 9.48 a
2020 E-JNK 7.26 a 6.25 a 0.94 b 0.01 b 7.25 a 6.26 a
E-DH 7.16 a 6.67 a 0.63 b 0.07 b 7.34 a 6.49 a
N-JNK 4.75 ab 0.63 b 4.07 a 0.03 b 4.72 ab 0.66 b
N-DH 7.17 a 2.78 ab 4.19 a 0.08 b 7.08 a 2.86 b
L-JNK 3.05 b 3.45 ab -0.56 b 0.18 b 2.86 b 3.64 ab
L-DH 7.83 a 6.45 a 0.54 b 0.76 a 7.02 a 7.26 a

Table 3

Regression of the variation in yield and yield components"

项目
Item		 标准化回归方程
Standardized regression		 决定系数
R2
所有处理 All treatments Y = 0.837X1+1.469X2+1.220X3 0.9990**
6月5日播期Sowing date June 5 (E) Y = 0.576X1+1.403X2+0.271X3 0.9999**
6月15日播期Sowing date June 15 (N) Y = 1.162X1+1.231X2+2.105X3 0.9999**
6月25日播期Sowing date June 25 (L) Y = 1.585X1+2.016X2+2.104X3 0.9999**
京农科728 Jingnongke 728 Y = 0.698X1+1.453X2+1.208X3 0.9995**
登海618 Denghai 618 Y = 1.045X1+1.422X2+1.340X3 0.9992**

Fig. 3

Effects of glycine betaine on summer maize growth period at different sowing dates E-CK: June 5 as the control; N-CK: June 15 as the control; L-CK: June 25 as the control; E-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 5; N-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 15; L-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 25; JNK: Jingnongke 728; DH: Denghai 618; SD: sowing date; VT: tasseling stage; R1: silking stage; R6: physiological maturity stage."

Fig. 4

Effects of glycine betaine on the number of total florets and total seed setting rate of summer maize in different sowing dates E-CK: June 5 as the control; N-CK: June 15 as the control; L-CK: June 25 as the control; E-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 5; N-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 15; L-GB: spraying glycine betaine on June 25; JNK: Jingnongke 728; DH: Denghai 618. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Regression analysis of the total seed setting rate variation and the number of total floret variation JNK-N: the number of total florets of Jingnongke 728; JNK-T: the total seed setting rate of Jingnongke 728; DH-N: the number of total florets of Denghai 618; DH-T: the total seed setting rate of Denghai 618; JNK: Jingnongke 728; DH: Denghai 618. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01."

Fig. 6

Effects of glycine betaine on dry weight and dry weight variation of 100-kernel in different sowing dates E-JNK: Jingnongke 728 on June 5; N-JNK: Jingnongke 728 on June 15; L-JNK: Jingnongke 728 on June 25; E-DH: Denghai 618 on June 5; N-DH: Denghai 618 on June 15; L-DH: Denghai 618 on June 25. CK: control check."

Fig. 7

Filling rate and filling rate variation of 100-kernel in different sowing dates Treatments and abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 6."

Fig. 8

Regression analysis of dry weight variation and total filling rate variation per 100 kernels JNK: Jingnongke 728; DH: Denghai 618. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01."

Table 4

Effects of glycine betaine on ear characters of summer maize in different sowing dates"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 畸形率
Abnormal ear rate (%)		 穗长
Ear length (cm)		 秃顶长
Barren ear length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear diameter (cm)		 秃尖比
Barren ear length/ ear length (%)		 有效穗长
Effective ear length (cm)
2019 京农科728 Jingnongke 728
E-CK 27.16 a 17.57 a 1.54 b 4.62 bc 8.76 b 16.03 a
E-GB 13.03 b 17.59 a 1.47 b 4.56 c 8.36 b 16.12 a
N-CK 27.11 a 17.47 a 2.22 a 4.73 b 12.71 a 15.25 b
N-GB 12.49 b 17.5 a 2.19 a 4.82 b 12.51 a 15.31 b
L-CK 13.70 b 14.46 b 0.94 c 5.11 a 6.50 c 13.52 c
L-GB 28.08 a 14.46 b 0.75 c 5.01 a 5.19 c 13.71 c
登海618 Denghai 618
E-CK 15.56 b 17.17 a 0.34 c 4.6 b 1.98 d 16.83 a
E-GB 10.31 cd 17.05 a 0.21 c 4.49 c 1.23 d 16.84 a
N-CK 12.31 c 17.56 a 1.21 a 4.85 ab 6.89 a 16.35 a
N-GB 9.24 d 17.53 a 1.29 a 4.87 ab 7.36 a 16.24 a
L-CK 8.92 d 17.87 a 0.91 ab 4.95 a 5.09 b 16.96 a
L-GB 22.54 a 17.80 a 0.62 b 4.87 ab 3.48 c 17.18 a
2020 京农科728 Jingnongke 728
E-CK 7.22 c 16.67 a 1.49 a 4.57 c 8.94 a 15.18 a
E-GB 3.13 d 16.69 a 1.38 a 4.72 b 8.20 a 15.31 a
N-CK 9.38 c 16.77 a 1.53 a 4.79 b 9.12 a 15.24 a
N-GB 9.28 c 16.75 a 1.45 a 4.82 ab 8.76 a 15.30 a
L-CK 23.76 b 16.50 a 1.60 a 4.90 a 9.70 a 14.90 a
L-GB 26.04 a 16.86 a 1.50 a 4.85 a 8.90 a 15.36 a
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 畸形率
Abnormal ear rate (%)		 穗长
Ear length (cm)		 秃顶长
Barren ear length (cm)		 穗粗
Ear diameter (cm)		 秃尖比
Barren ear length/ ear length (%)		 有效穗长
Effective ear length (cm)
登海618 Denghai 618
E-CK 6.19 b 18.48 a 0.67 b 4.67 b 3.63 d 17.81 ab
E-GB 2.97 c 18.63 a 0.63 b 4.65 b 4.99 c 18.00 a
N-CK 4.00 b 18.79 a 0.87 b 4.85 ab 4.63 c 17.92 a
N-GB 4.21 b 18.79 a 0.60 b 4.77 b 3.19 d 18.19 a
L-CK 13.59 a 18.44 a 1.64 a 4.90 a 8.89 a 16.80 b
L-GB 14.14 a 18.84 a 1.14 a 4.91 a 6.05 b 17.70 ab

Fig. 9

Effects of glycine betaine on the antioxidant properties of summer maize leaves CK: control check; GB: spraying glycine betaine. VT, VT+15, VT+30, and VT+45 represent tasseling stage and 15, 30, and 45 days after tasseling, respectively; R6: physiological maturity stage; *: P < 0.05."

Table 5

Meteorological conditions during the summer maize growth stage in different sowing dates"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 日均温
DAT
(℃)		 日均温I
DAT I
(℃)		 日均温II
DAT II
(℃)		 日均辐射
DAR
(MJ m-2)		 日均辐射I
DAR I
(MJ m-2)		 日均辐射II
DAR II
(MJ m-2)		 总降雨
TP
(mm)		 降雨天数I TPD I
(d)		 降雨天数II TPD II
(d)
2019 E-JNK 25.96 27.30 24.53 16.16 18.62 13.80 206.50 12 31
E-DH 25.96 27.22 24.70 16.16 18.64 13.94 206.50 12 31
N-JNK 25.49 27.61 23.42 15.54 17.60 13.75 190.50 16 24
N-DH 25.45 27.65 23.43 15.53 17.77 13.68 190.50 15 25
L-JNK 24.54 27.24 22.09 14.78 15.90 13.80 182.00 24 17
L-DH 24.45 27.39 22.02 14.76 16.38 13.48 182.00 22 19
2020 E-JNK 25.42 25.05 25.81 14.57 15.40 13.69 221.20 37 42
E-DH 25.44 25.11 25.77 14.62 15.76 13.48 221.20 35 44
N-JNK 24.84 24.94 25.59 14.08 14.64 13.45 219.00 44 35
N-DH 24.89 24.87 24.91 14.15 14.57 13.74 219.00 43 36
L-JNK 24.01 25.54 22.72 13.56 14.11 13.10 200.50 46 28
L-DH 24.01 25.47 22.83 13.56 14.07 13.15 200.50 45 29

Table 6

Correlation analysis between yield, yield components, and meteorological conditions"

处理
Treatment		 因子
Factor		 产量
Yield		 穗粒数
Kernels per ear		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight		 穗数
Harvest ear number
CK 日均温 DAT 0.075 -0.350** 0.195 0.349**
日均温I DAT I -0.404** 0.568** -0.640** -0.432**
日均温II DAT II 0.429** -0.734** 0.699** 0.658**
日均辐射 DAR -0.180 0.027 -0.190 -0.016
日均辐射I DAR I -0.182 0.101 -0.240 -0.029
日均辐射II DAR II -0.131 0.006 -0.078 -0.145
总降雨 TP 0.468** -0.805** 0.771** 0.687**
降雨天数I TPD I 0.291* -0.273* 0.389** 0.233
降雨天数II TPD II 0.462** -0.850** 0.802** 0.705**
GB 日均温 DAT 0.133 -0.206 0.207 0.371*
日均温I DAT I -0.463** 0.441** -0.637** -0.167
日均温II DAT II 0.509** -0.492** 0.693** 0.473**
日均辐射 DAR -0.163 0.063 -0.194 0.159
日均辐射I DAR I -0.177 0.116 -0.238 0.169
日均辐射II DAR II -0.114 0.041 -0.115 -0.097
总降雨 TP 0.556** -0.549** 0.763** 0.452**
降雨天数I TPD I 0.303* -0.212 0.388** -0.012
降雨天数II TPD II 0.553** -0.666** 0.830** 0.486**

Table 7

Correlation analysis between the variation of yield and yield components and meteorological conditions"

因子Factor Y X1 X2 X3
日均温 DAT 0.267 0.127 0.359 -0.301
日均温I DAT I -0.170 -0.289 -0.372 0.497*
日均温II DAT II 0.327 0.283 0.620* -0.663*
日均辐射 DAR 0.108 -0.140 0.071 0.092
日均辐射I DAR I 0.063 -0.119 0.013 0.109
日均辐射II DAR II 0.090 -0.247 0.073 0.154
总降雨 TP 0.354 0.312 0.662** -0.711**
降雨天数I TPD I 0.014 0.198 0.163 -0.312
降雨天数II TPD II 0.362 0.496 0.570* -0.721**
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