作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (11): 2866-2878.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14212
王建国1,2(
), 耿耘1, 杨佃卿3, 郭峰1,2, 杨莎1,2, 李新国1,2, 唐朝辉1,2, 张佳蕾1,2,*(
), 万书波1,2,*(
)
WANG Jian-Guo1,2(
), GENG Yun1, YANG Dian-Qing3, GUO Feng1,2, YANG Sha1,2, LI Xin-Guo1,2, TANG Zhao-Hui1,2, ZHANG Jia-Lei1,2,*(
), WAN Shu-Bo1,2,*(
)
摘要:
通过分析中、高产旱地花生不同单粒精播种植密度下个体和群体质量、养分吸收等方面的差异, 研究单粒精播增产机制, 以确定中、高产旱地适宜的单粒精播密度, 为花生高产高效栽培提供理论依据。2018年和2019年在山东平度(PD)选取高产旱地、济阳(JY)选取中产旱地, 开展大田试验。设3个单粒精播密度处理, 为27.8、23.8和20.8万株 hm-2, 株距分别为9.0 cm、10.5 cm和12.0 cm, 编号为SS9.0、SS10.5和SS12.0; 双粒播种株数27.8万株 hm-2, 株距18 cm, 记为DS18.0。结果表明, 与双粒播种(DS18.0)相比, 单粒精播栽培提高了叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI), 且LAI峰值较高和持续时间长。单粒精播发挥了单株干物质生产潜力, 提高了群体干物质最大积累速率6.1%~20.7%, 实现了干物质的快速积累。对于高产旱地平度, 成熟期群体干物质积累量大小为SS12.0>SS9.0>SS10.5>DS18.0, 而中产旱地济阳为SS9.0>SS12.0>SS10.5>DS18.0; 与DS18.0相比, 单粒精播栽培群体干物质积累量提高5.4%~14.9%。单粒精播栽培促进了单株和群体对N、P、K、Ca的吸收和积累, 增加了N和P养分向荚果中分配比例, 提高了肥料利用效率。高产旱地中单粒精播栽培通过提高个体生产力, 增加单株饱果个数和百果重, 实现了群体增产13.6%~19.1% (2018年)和15.5%~23.8% (2019年), 适宜单粒精播密度为20.8万株 hm-2。中产旱地, 单粒精播促进个体健壮和形成高密度的群体优势是实现增产的关键, 增幅8.4%~19.4% (2018年)和13.9%~ 27.8% (2019年), 适宜密度为27.8万株 hm-2。综上, 高产旱地群体质量和养分吸收量均优于中产旱地。单粒精播栽培模式可充分发挥中、高产旱地花生单株生产潜力, 促进光合产物积累和养分吸收利用, 改善了中、高产旱地花生群体质量, 表现为“强源” “畅流” “壮库”, 提高了荚果产量和收获指数, 实现了花生高产高效。
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