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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (11): 2866-2878.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14212

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

单粒精播对中、高产旱地花生群体质量及养分利用的影响

王建国1,2(), 耿耘1, 杨佃卿3, 郭峰1,2, 杨莎1,2, 李新国1,2, 唐朝辉1,2, 张佳蕾1,2,*(), 万书波1,2,*()   

  1. 1山东省农业科学院农作物种质资源研究所, 山东济南 250100
    2农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测实验站, 山东东营 257000
    3莒南县花生产业发展办公室, 山东临沂 276600
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-15 接受日期:2022-02-25 出版日期:2022-11-12 网络出版日期:2022-03-25
  • 通讯作者: 张佳蕾,万书波
  • 作者简介:第一作者联系方式: 王建国, E-mail: wang_jianguo2020@163.com第一联系人：** 同等贡献。
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目“花生优质轻简高效栽培技术集成与示范”(2020YFD1000905);山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2020MC094);山东省中央引导地方科技发展资金(YDZX20203700001861)

Effects of single seed precision sowing on population quality, nutrient utilization of peanut in medium and high yield drylands

WANG Jian-Guo1,2(), GENG Yun1, YANG Dian-Qing3, GUO Feng1,2, YANG Sha1,2, LI Xin-Guo1,2, TANG Zhao-Hui1,2, ZHANG Jia-Lei1,2,*(), WAN Shu-Bo1,2,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
    2Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Crop Cultivation in East China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dongying 257000, Shandong, China
    3Office of Peanut Industry Development of Junan, Linyi 276600, Shandong, China
  • Received:2021-11-15 Accepted:2022-02-25 Published:2022-11-12 Published online:2022-03-25
  • Contact: ZHANG Jia-Lei,WAN Shu-Bo
  • Supported by:
    The National Key Research and Development Program of China “Integration and Demonstration of Peanut High Quality, Light, Simple and Efficient Cultivation Technology”(2020YFD1000905);The General Project of Shandong Natural Science Foundation(ZR2020MC094);The Funds for Guiding Local Scientific and Technological Development by the Central Government of Shandong Province(YDZX20203700001861)

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摘要：

通过分析中、高产旱地花生不同单粒精播种植密度下个体和群体质量、养分吸收等方面的差异, 研究单粒精播增产机制, 以确定中、高产旱地适宜的单粒精播密度, 为花生高产高效栽培提供理论依据。2018年和2019年在山东平度(PD)选取高产旱地、济阳(JY)选取中产旱地, 开展大田试验。设3个单粒精播密度处理, 为27.8、23.8和20.8万株 hm-2, 株距分别为9.0 cm、10.5 cm和12.0 cm, 编号为SS9.0、SS10.5和SS12.0; 双粒播种株数27.8万株 hm-2, 株距18 cm, 记为DS18.0。结果表明, 与双粒播种(DS18.0)相比, 单粒精播栽培提高了叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI), 且LAI峰值较高和持续时间长。单粒精播发挥了单株干物质生产潜力, 提高了群体干物质最大积累速率6.1%~20.7%, 实现了干物质的快速积累。对于高产旱地平度, 成熟期群体干物质积累量大小为SS12.0>SS9.0>SS10.5>DS18.0, 而中产旱地济阳为SS9.0>SS12.0>SS10.5>DS18.0; 与DS18.0相比, 单粒精播栽培群体干物质积累量提高5.4%~14.9%。单粒精播栽培促进了单株和群体对N、P、K、Ca的吸收和积累, 增加了N和P养分向荚果中分配比例, 提高了肥料利用效率。高产旱地中单粒精播栽培通过提高个体生产力, 增加单株饱果个数和百果重, 实现了群体增产13.6%~19.1% (2018年)和15.5%~23.8% (2019年), 适宜单粒精播密度为20.8万株 hm-2。中产旱地, 单粒精播促进个体健壮和形成高密度的群体优势是实现增产的关键, 增幅8.4%~19.4% (2018年)和13.9%~ 27.8% (2019年), 适宜密度为27.8万株 hm-2。综上, 高产旱地群体质量和养分吸收量均优于中产旱地。单粒精播栽培模式可充分发挥中、高产旱地花生单株生产潜力, 促进光合产物积累和养分吸收利用, 改善了中、高产旱地花生群体质量, 表现为“强源” “畅流” “壮库”, 提高了荚果产量和收获指数, 实现了花生高产高效。

关键词: 花生, 单粒精播, 群体质量, 中、高产旱地, 养分, 产量

Abstract:

To investigate the suitable single seed precision sowing density in medium and high-yield drylands and provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation in peanut, the overyielding mechanism of single seed precision sowing was studied by analyzing the differences of individual and population quality and nutrient absorption under different single seed precision sowing planting densities of peanut in medium and high-yield drylands. High-yield drylands were selected in Pingdu (PD) of Shandong province and middle drylands were selected in Jiyang (JY) of Shandong province for field experiments in 2018 and 2019. Three single seed precision sowing density treatments were established. Compared with the double-seed sowing (278,000 plants hm-2, DS18.0, CK), three single seed precision sowing treatments were 278,000 plants hm-2 (SS9.0), 238,000 plants hm-2 (SS10.5), and 208,000 plants hm-2 (SS12.0), respectively. Plant spacing of single seed sowing of SS9.0, SS10.5, and SS12.0 treatments in peanut was 9.0, 10.5, and 12.0 cm, and plant spacing of double-seed sowing of DS18.0 treatment in peanut was 18.0 cm. The results showed that compared with double seed sowing treatment (DS18.0), single seed precision sowing cultivation improved leaf SPAD, net photosynthetic rate, leaf area index (LAI), the peak value, and duration of leaf area index were higher. Single seed precision sowing exerted the potential of single plant dry matter production, increased the maximum accumulation rate of population dry matter by 6.1% to 20.7%, and realized the rapid accumulation of dry matter. For high-yield drylands in Pingdu, the population dry matter accumulation was SS12.0>SS9.0>SS10.5>DS18.0 at mature stage, and that was SS9.0>SS12.0>SS10.5>DS18.0 under middle-yield dryland in Jiyang. Compared with DS18.0, the population dry matter accumulation of single seed sowing cultivation increased by 5.4%-14.9%. Single seed precision sowing cultivation promoted the absorption and the accumulation of N, P, K, and Ca of individual plants and population plants, and increased the distribution ratio of N and P nutrients to pods, and improved fertilizer utilization efficiency. For high-yield drylands, by increasing individual productivity and increasing the number of full fruits and 100-fruit weight per plant, single seed precision sowing had achieved population yield increase of 13.6%-19.1% (2018) and 15.5%-23.8% (2019), and the suitable single seed precision sowing density was 208,000 plants hm-2. In the middle yield dryland, single seed precision sowing promoted individual fitness and formed the population advantage of high density, which was the key effect to increase production with an increase of 8.4%-19.4% (2018) and 13.9%-27.8% (2019), and the suitable density was 278,000 plants hm-2. In conclusion, the population quality and nutrient absorption of high-yield drylands were better than that of middle-yield drylands. The single-seed precision seeding cultivation model can make full use of the production potential of a single plant for medium and high-yield drylands in peanut, promote the accumulation of photosynthetic product and the absorption and utilization of nutrients, and consequently improve the quality of peanuts in both medium and high-yield drylands. This mechanism was characterized by “strong source”, “smooth flow”, and “large sink”. Therefore, this method could help to increase the pod yield and harvest index, and realize the high yield and high efficiency of peanut.

Key words: peanut, single seed precision sowing, population quality, medium and high yield drylands, nutrient, yield

表1

单粒精播对花生产量及产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 样点
Spot		 处理
Treatment		 饱果数
Full pods (×105 hm-2)		 秕果数
Unfull pods (×105 hm-2)		 单株饱
果数
Full pods
per plant		 单株秕
果数
Unfull pods per plant		 百果重
100-pod
weight (g)		 百仁重
100-kernel
weight (g)		 收获
指数
Harvest index		 产量
Pod yield
(kg hm-2)
2018 PD SS9.0 31.0 a 20.4 a 11.2 b 7.3 ab 215.5 bc 85.3 b 0.60 a 7480.9 a
SS10.5 30.1 a 17.9 bc 12.7 ab 7.5 ab 226.6 b 88.3 a 0.59 a 7216.3 ab
SS12.0 29.8 a 17.0 c 14.3 a 8.2 a 232.7 a 89.7 a 0.61 a 7565.5 a
DS18.0 25.9 b 19.9 a 9.3 c 7.2 ab 209.9 c 83.4 bc 0.57 b 6349.6 c
2019 PD SS9.0 31.9 a 19.8 a 11.5 b 7.1 ab 225.8 b 89.5 a 0.55 c 7559.8 a
SS10.5 28.5 ab 17.7 bc 12.0 ab 7.4 ab 232.0 a 90.4 a 0.54 c 7147.7 b
SS12.0 30.2 a 15.1 d 14.5 a 7.2 ab 240.0 a 91.5 a 0.55 c 7667.0 a
DS18.0 29.1 a 16.2 cd 10.5 b 5.8 b 221.5 b 86.9 b 0.50 e 6190.6 c
2018 JY SS9.0 21.2 c 19.6 a 7.6 cd 6.6 b 204.8 c 82.1 bc 0.54 c 4713.4 d
SS10.5 19.7 cd 15.7 cd 8.3 c 6.5 b 208.0 c 84.3 b 0.53 cd 4279.7 e
SS12.0 19.9 cd 13.5 e 9.6 c 6.6 b 214.7 bc 86.1 b 0.54 c 4591.1 d
DS18.0 17.9 de 18.5 b 6.4 b 6.7 ab 199.2 d 77.7 d 0.51 de 3946.4 e
2019 JY SS9.0 20.6 c 17.6 bc 7.4 d 6.3 b 205.7 c 80.7 c 0.53 cd 4502.3 d
SS10.5 19.0 d 16.8 c 8.0 c 7.1 ab 208.6 c 82.3 bc 0.52 d 4013.0 e
SS12.0 18.7 e 13.7 e 9.0 c 7.3 ab 216.9 bc 85.7 b 0.53 cd 4474.5 d
DS18.0 16.9 e 18.1 b 6.1 d 6.2 b 198.4 d 76.4 d 0.50 e 3522.6 f

图1

单粒精播对花生功能叶片SPAD值的影响 PD: 平度; JY: 济阳。图柱上不同小写字母表示同一时期内处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同表1。8次重复。"

图2

单粒精播对叶面积指数的影响 PD: 平度; JY: 济阳; LAI: 叶面积指数。处理同表1。3次重复。"

表2

单粒精播对结荚期花生光合作用的影响"

处理
Treatment		 PD JY
净光合速率
Pn
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs
(mol H2O m-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2
浓度
Ci (μL L-1)		 蒸腾速率
Tr
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 净光合速率
Pn
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs
(mol H2O m-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2
浓度
Ci (μL L-1)		 蒸腾速率
Tr
(mmol m-2 s-1)
SS9.0 23.8 b 0.31 c 196.0 b 4.1 c 21.4 c 0.22 c 167.4 b 3.6 c
SS10.5 24.0 b 0.41 b 230.0 a 4.7 b 23.5 b 0.31 b 186.0 a 4.3 b
SS12.0 27.2 a 0.49 a 231.9 a 5.1 a 26.4 a 0.42 a 192.1 a 5.3 a
DS18.0 22.8 c 0.24 d 174.4 c 3.6 d 19.3 d 0.19 c 157.2 c 3.5 c

表3

中、高产旱地花生干物质累积动态特征值"

样点
Spot		 处理
Treatment		 Ym
(kg hm-2)		 Vm
(kg hm-2 d-1)		 tm
(d)		 t1
(d)		 t2
(d)		 T
(d)		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数R2
Coefficient of determination
PD SS9.0 13,842.5 285.8 68.2 52.3 84.1 31.9 $y=\frac{13842.5}{1+279.52731{{\text{e}}^{-0.0826x}}}$ 0.9882
SS10.5 13,206.0 287.9 66.0 50.9 81.1 30.2 $y=\frac{13206.0}{1+315.98666{{\text{e}}^{-0.0872x}}}$ 0.9892
SS12.0 14,315.7 317.1 66.2 51.4 81.1 29.7 $y=\frac{14315.7}{1+353.86569{{\text{e}}^{-0.0886x}}}$ 0.9949
DS18.0 12,485.1 262.8 67.3 51.7 83.0 31.3 $y=\frac{12485.1}{1+290.26665{{\text{e}}^{-0.0842x}}}$ 0.9898
JY SS9.0 12,608.0 242.1 64.4 47.3 81.6 34.3 $y=\frac{12608.0}{1+141.11851{{\text{e}}^{-0.0768x}}}$ 0.9859
SS10.5 11,583.2 225.6 63.4 46.5 80.3 33.8 $y=\frac{11583.2}{1+139.98423{{\text{e}}^{-0.0779x}}}$ 0.9879
SS12.0 12,116.7 237.5 62.9 46.1 79.7 33.6 $y=\frac{12116.7}{1+138.57338{{\text{e}}^{-0.0784x}}}$ 0.981
DS18.0 11,002.7 212.6 64.2 47.1 81.2 34.1 $y=\frac{11002.7}{1+142.55102{{\text{e}}^{-0.0773x}}}$ 0.9867

图3

单粒精播对单株和群体干物质积累的影响 PD: 平度; JY: 济阳。处理同表1。3次重复。"

表4

不同密度单粒精播对花生单株和群体氮素累积吸收分配的影响"

样点
Spot		 处理
Treatment		 群体氮素积累
N accumulation
in total plants
(kg hm-2)		 氮素积累
N accumulation (mg plant-1)		 氮素分配比例
N distribution (%)
单株
Plant		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod
PD SS9.0 402.5 a 1447.9 c 10.7 c 143.7 c 167.1 d 1126.4 b 0.7 c 9.9 d 11.5 d 77.8 a
SS10.5 381.0 b 1601.0 b 13.1 b 176.5 b 196.2 c 1215.2 b 0.8 b 11.2 c 12.3 d 75.9 b
SS12.0 401.8 a 1931.5 a 16.9 a 190.5 a 219.7 b 1504.5 a 0.9 a 9.9 d 11.4 b 77.9 a
DS18.0 371.8 b 1337.3 d 10.9 c 179.3 b 167.8 d 979.3 c 0.8 b 13.4 a 12.6 c 73.2 c
JY SS9.0 344.8 c 1240.4 d 15.7 a 157.2 c 196.8 c 870.8 c 1.3 a 12.7 bc 15.9 b 70.2 d
SS10.5 315.0 d 1323.4 d 15.2 a 175.7 b 231.7 b 900.9 c 1.2 a 13.3 b 17.5 a 68.1 c
SS12.0 341.7 c 1642.6 b 14.2 ab 189.7 a 270.0 a 1168.6 b 0.9 a 11.6 c 16.4 ab 71.2 d
DS18.0 308.2 d 1108.5 e 13.7 ab 175.8 b 195.6 c 723.4 d 1.2a 15.9 a 17.6 a 65.3 e

表5

不同密度单粒精播对花生单株和群体磷素累积吸收分配的影响"

样点
Spot		 处理
Treatment		 群体磷素积累
P accumulation
in total plants
(kg hm-2)		 磷素积累
P accumulation (mg plant-1)		 磷素分配比例
P distribution (%)
单株
Plant		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod
PD SS9.0 52.6 a 189.4 c 3.1 a 29.7 b 14.5 e 142.0 b 1.7 b 15.7 c 7.6 d 75.0 a
SS10.5 48.4 c 203.5 b 2.9 a 32.7 a 17.6 d 150.3 b 1.4 c 16.1 c 8.7 d 73.9 b
SS12.0 50.1 b 241.0 a 3.2 a 35.3 a 19.8 c 182.7 a 1.3 c 14.7 d 8.2 d 75.8 a
DS18.0 43.4 d 156.1 d 1.5 b 28.8 b 16.0 d 109.9 c 1.0 d 18.4 a 10.2 c 70.4 c
JY SS9.0 44.8 d 161.3 d 4.6 a 29.8 b 17.4 d 109.5 c 2.9 a 18.5 b 10.8 c 67.9 d
SS10.5 40.0 e 167.9 d 3.4 a 32.6 a 21.5 b 110.4 c 2.0 b 19.4 b 12.8 b 65.8 e
SS12.0 42.0 d 202.1 b 2.7 ab 34.8 a 24.1 a 140.5 b 1.3 c 17.2 bc 11.9 b 69.5 c
DS18.0 36.5 f 131.3 e 1.9 b 28.4 b 18.6 cd 82.4 d 1.4 c 21.6 a 14.2 a 62.8 f

表6

不同密度单粒精播对花生单株和群体钾素吸收累积分配的影响"

样点
Spot		 处理
Treatment		 群体钾素积累
K accumulation
in total plants
(kg hm-2)		 钾素积累
K accumulation (mg plant-1)		 钾素分配比例
K distribution (%)
单株
Plant		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod
PD SS9.0 189.0 a 679.9 e 12.3 c 314.0 c 86.2 c 267.5 c 1.8 a 46.2 b 12.7 b 39.4 a
SS10.5 181.8 ab 763.8 c 12.3 c 354.7 b 96.0 b 300.8 b 1.6 a 46.4 b 12.6 b 39.4 a
SS12.0 183.8 ab 883.5 a 11.9 cd 410.3 a 116.0 ab 345.3 a 1.4 a 46.4 b 13.1 b 39.1 a
DS18.0 176.9 b 636.5 f 10.9 d 291.4 c 82.5 c 251.6 c 1.7 a 45.8 b 13.0 b 39.5 a
JY SS9.0 186.5 ab 671.0 e 17.9 a 335.4 b 103.7 b 213.9 d 2.7 a 50.0 a 15.5 a 31.9 c
SS10.5 168.8 bc 709.3 d 14.3 b 352.7 b 117.4 ab 225.0 d 2.0 a 49.7 a 16.6 a 31.7 c
SS12.0 171.5 b 824.4 b 14.7 b 412.1 a 136.4 a 261.3 c 1.8 a 50.0 a 16.5 a 31.7 c
DS18.0 165.5 c 595.2 g 13.8 b 288.3 c 96.1 b 197.0 d 2.3 a 48.4 ab 16.2 a 33.1 b

表7

不同密度单粒精播对花生单株和群体钙素吸收累积分配的影响"

样点
Spot		 处理
Treatment		 群体钙素积累
Ca accumulation
in total plants
(kg hm-2)		 钙素积累
Ca accumulation (mg plant-1)		 钙素分配比例
Ca distribution (%)
单株
Plant		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod		 根
Root		 茎
Stem		 叶
Leaf		 荚果
Pod
PD SS9.0 117.1 a 421.1 c 11.5 b 144.7 bc 160.6 c 104.4 cd 2.7 ab 34.4 a 38.1 b 24.8 a
SS10.5 120.4 a 506.0 b 14.0 a 191.9 a 174.0 c 126.2 b 2.8 ab 38.0 a 34.4 c 24.9 a
SS12.0 122.72 a 590.0 a 14.7 a 205.1 a 223.7 ab 146.5 a 2.5 b 34.8 a 37.9 b 24.8 a
DS18.0 102.7 b 369.5 d 8.5 c 135.9 c 127.9 d 97.2 d 2.3 bc 36.8 a 34.6 c 26.3 a
JY SS9.0 124.6 a 448.3 c 16.7 a 161.4 b 185.8 c 84.4 e 3.7 a 36.0 a 41.4 a 18.8 b
SS10.5 119.4 a 501.9 b 16.2 a 179.0 b 212.7 b 94.0 d 3.2 a 35.7 a 42.4 a 18.7 b
SS12.0 122.1 a 586.8 a 12.3 b 212.2 a 250.3 a 112.0 c 2.1 c 36.1 a 42.7 a 19.1 b
DS18.0 107.7 b 387.5 d 10.7 c 138.3 c 158.4 c 80.1 e 2.8 ab 35.7 a 40.8 a 20.7 b

图4

单粒精播对肥料偏生产力的影响 PD: 平度; JY: 济阳。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同表1。3次重复。"

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