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氮肥减量与追施方式对小麦产量和氮肥利用效率及麦田N2O排放的影响

石吕1,石晓旭1,韩笑1,单海勇1,刘旭杰1,张晋1,严旖旎1,李赢1,刘海翠1,魏亚凤1,杨美英1,薛亚光1,*,刘建1,张祖建2,*   

  1. 1 江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所 / 南通市循环农业重点实验室, 江苏南通226012; 2 扬州大学农学院 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室 / 江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州225009
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13 修回日期:2025-09-10 接受日期:2025-09-10 网络出版日期:2025-09-24
  • 通讯作者: 薛亚光, E-mail: 171240816@qq.com; 张祖建, E-mail: zzj@yzu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由南通市社会民生项目(MSZ2023068), 江苏省“碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项资金”项目(BE2022425)和江苏省科技项目(BE2020388)资助。

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and topdressing methods on wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and N2O emissions in wheat fields

SHI Lyu1,SHI Xiao-Xu1,HAN Xiao1,SHAN Hai-Yong1,LIU Xu-Jie1,ZHANG Jin1,YAN Yi-Ni1,LI Ying1,LIU Hai-Cui1,WEI Ya-Feng1,YANG Mei-Ying1,XUE Ya-Guang1,*,LIU Jian1,ZHANG Zu-Jian2,*   

  1. 1 Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Recycling Agriculture of Nantong City, Nantong 226012, Jiangsu, China; 2 College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2025-06-13 Revised:2025-09-10 Accepted:2025-09-10 Published online:2025-09-24
  • Contact: 薛亚光, E-mail: 171240816@qq.com; 张祖建, E-mail: zzj@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Nantong City Social Livelihood Project (MSZ2023068), the Special Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Jiangsu Province, China (BE2022425), and the Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Project (BE2020388).

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摘要：

为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制，2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF, N∶P2O5∶K2O＝26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U, 46%N)，结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260全秸秆茬地洁区旋耕智能施肥播种机和3ZF-4(200)中耕追肥机，设置7种施肥模式(30 cm+15 cm宽窄行种植)：以尿素4次分施(N 240 kg hm-2，基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2，窄行基施，追肥全田撒施)为对照(CK)；减氮15% (N 204 kg hm-2)条件下设置6种处理：M1 (100%SRF窄行基施)；M2 (60% SRF窄行基施+40% U拔节期窄行撒施)；M3 (60% SRF窄行基施+40%U返青期宽行条施)；M4 (60% SRF窄行基施+40% SRF返青期窄行撒施)；M5 (60% SRF窄行基施+40% SRF返青期宽行条施)；M4+5 (60% SRF窄行基施+20% SRF返青期宽行条施+20% SRF返青期窄行撒施)。研究比较不同施肥模式对小麦产量效益、根系形态生理、氮素利用效率及N2O排放的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，M2~M5处理提高了小麦产量(4.0%~19.0%)和经济效益(13.7%~35.7%)，其中M4和M5处理表现最优，分别增产14.1%和19.0%，经济效益提升34.5%和35.7%。这些处理明显改善了根系特性(根干重密度增加9.7%~111.8%，根系活力和氧化力分别提高6.8%~52.0%和4.2%~44.2%)，降低N2O累积排放量22.6%~34.5%，提高0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量11.2%~40.0%。在氮素利用方面，M2~M5处理均提高了籽粒氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率，氮肥利用效率指标(包括偏生产力、农学效率和表观利用率)分别显著提升了22.4%~40.0%、29.7%~74.3%和9.41~18.77个百分点。值得注意的是，M4和M5处理表现出最优的综合效益：N2O累积排放量降幅最大(分别达27.0%和34.5%)，氮肥表观利用率2季均维持在43.0%以上(均值分别为43.5%和46.8%)，同时在生育后期保持较高的根系活性和耕层无机氮含量。相比之下，M1处理虽然实现了最大的N2O减排效果(降幅35.9%)，但导致减产10.4%和经济效益下降10.8%，且氮肥利用效率呈现不稳定的年际变化特征。而优化处理M4+5进一步改善了根系形态生理特性，并提高氮肥表观利用率和籽粒氮素积累量。综上，减氮15%条件下(N 204 kg hm-2)，缓混肥2次施用处理(M4和M5)能实现产量、经济效益、氮肥利用效率和N2O减排的协同提高，并以追肥深施处理(M5)效应更强。本研究为稻茬小麦缓释肥减氮优化高效应用提供重要理论依据。

关键词: 条带耕作, 氮肥减量, 追肥方式, 产量, 氮肥利用, N2O排放

Abstract:

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying yield enhancement, efficiency improvement, and emission mitigation in rice-stubble wheat under the integrated “one basal plus one topdressing” mechanized deep fertilization strategy, a field experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2024 within a rice–wheat rotation system in Nantong, located in the lower Yangtze River Basin. The study employed a slow-release blended fertilizer (SRF, N∶P?O?∶K?O=26∶12∶12) and conventional urea (U, 46% N), utilizing two self-developed machines: the 2BFGK-12(6)260 full-straw-stubble field clean-zone rotary-till intelligent fertilizer applicator and seeder, and the 3ZF-4(200) cultivator-topdresser. Seven fertilization regimes were established under a 30 cm + 15 cm wide–narrow row planting system. The control (CK) received four split applications of urea (N 240 kg hm-2; basal:tillering:jointing:booting =5∶1∶2∶2, with basal application in narrow rows and topdressing broadcast across the field. Six reduced-N treatments (N 204 kg hm-2, a 15% reduction) were applied: M1 (100% SRF, narrow-row basal); M2 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% U, narrow-row broadcast at jointing); M3 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% U, wide-row banding at regreening); M4 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% SRF, narrow-row broadcast at regreening); M5 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 40% SRF, wide-row banding at regreening); and M4+5 (60% SRF, narrow-row basal + 20% SRF, wide-row banding + 20% SRF, narrow-row broadcast at regreening). The effects of these fertilization regimes on wheat yield performance, economic benefit, root morphological and physiological traits, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and N?O emissions were systematically evaluated. Compared with CK, treatments M2–M5 increased wheat yield by 4.0%–19.0% and economic returns by 13.7%–35.7%, with M4 and M5 showing optimal performance (yield increases of 14.1% and 19.0%; economic gains of 34.5% and 35.7%, respectively). These treatments significantly improved root traits, with root weight density increasing by 9.7%–111.8% and enhancements in root activity and oxidation capacity of 6.8%–52.0% and 4.2%–44.2%, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were reduced by 22.6%–34.5%, and soil NO3--N content in the 0–20 cm layer increased by 11.2%–40.0%. In terms of nitrogen utilization, M2–M5 treatments promoted grain N accumulation, post-anthesis N uptake, and its contribution to grain N content. Indicators of nitrogen use efficiency—including partial factor productivity, agronomic efficiency, and apparent recovery efficiency—increased significantly by 22.4%–40.0%, 29.7%–74.3%, and 9.41–18.77 percentage points, respectively. Notably, M4 and M5 achieved the most comprehensive benefits, with the greatest reductions in cumulative N2O emissions (27.0% and 34.5%) and consistently high apparent N recovery efficiency across two growing seasons (mean values of 43.5% and 46.8%), along with sustained root activity and topsoil inorganic N content during late growth stages. In contrast, M1 achieved the highest N2O mitigation (35.9%) but resulted in a 10.4% yield loss and 10.8% reduction in economic benefit, with unstable interannual variation in NUE. The optimized M4+5 treatment further enhanced root morphological and physiological traits while improving apparent N recovery efficiency and grain N accumulation. In summary, under a 15% nitrogen reduction (N 204 kg hm-2), split-application treatments using slow-release blended fertilizer (M4 and M5) achieved synergistic improvements in yield, economic return, nitrogen use efficiency, and N2O emission reduction, with the deep banding topdressing strategy (M5) delivering the most pronounced benefits. These findings provide strong theoretical support for the optimized and efficient use of slow-release fertilizers in nitrogen-reduced rice-wheat rotation systems.

Key words: strip tillage, nitrogen reduction, topdressing method, yield, nitrogen utilization, N?O emission

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