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高产高油高油酸花生品种的生长发育及干物质生产特征

金欣欣,宋亚辉,苏俏,杨永庆,王瑾*   

  1. 河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所 / 河北省作物遗传育种重点实验室，河北石家庄050035
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-19 修回日期:2025-09-10 接受日期:2025-09-10 网络出版日期:2025-09-18
  • 通讯作者: 王瑾, E-mail: wangjinnky@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13), 河北省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(HBCT2024040101, HBCT2024040204), 河北省花生现代种业科技创新团队项目(21326316D)和河北省农林科学院创新工程项目(2022KJCXZX-LYS-11)资助。

Growth and dry matter production characteristics of high-yielding, and high-oil, and high oleic acid peanut varieties

JIN Xin-Xin,SONG Ya-Hui,SU Qiao,YANG Yong-Qing,WANG Jin*   

  1. Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
  • Received:2025-06-19 Revised:2025-09-10 Accepted:2025-09-10 Published online:2025-09-18
  • Contact: 王瑾, E-mail: wangjinnky@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-13), the Hebei Agriculture Research System (HBCT2024040101, HBCT2024040204), the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Modern Peanut Seed Industry (21326316D), and the Talents Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (2022KJCXZX-LYS-11).

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摘要：

连续2年对冀花915、冀花19号、冀花521共3个高油酸花生品种的生长发育、干物质积累、产量构成、油脂积累等物质生产特征进行系统比较研究，旨在为解析花生高产高油高油酸的形成机制提供理论依据。结果表明，3个品种的产量表现为冀花915＞冀花19号＞冀花521。冀花915植株高度较矮(＜40 cm)，叶面积指数峰值适宜(约5.6)，地上部群体结构合理；荚果形成后，群体生长率、净同化速率、荚果生长率以及荚果生物量的分配比例(48.75%)均显著高于其他2个品种。冀花521在生育期内叶面积指数峰值大，光合势高，但群体结构过大导致干物质积累向荚果分配比例小造成产量较低。冀花19号各项指标居中。油分、油酸含量表现为冀花915≈冀花19号>冀花521。冀花915和冀花19号的油分、油酸最大积累速率显著高于冀花521，但快速积累期持续时间相对较短。总之，冀花915具有群体质量优、干物质积累向荚果分配多、油分及油酸积累速率高等突出优势，是其高产高油高油酸的重要原因。本研究结果可为花生新品种培育及制定高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。

关键词: 高油酸, 花生, 产量, 干物质积累, 油分积累

Abstract:

This study compared the growth dynamics, dry matter accumulation, yield components, and oil accumulation characteristics of three high-oleic-acid peanut varieties—Jihua 915, Jihua 19, and Jihua 521—during the 2023 and 2024 growing seasons. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying high yield, high oil content, and high oleic acid levels. Results showed that yield followed the order: Jihua 915 > Jihua 19 > Jihua 521. Jihua 915 exhibited a shorter plant height (< 40 cm), an optimal peak leaf area index (about 5.6), and a well-structured above-ground canopy. After pod initiation, Jihua 915 also demonstrated significantly higher crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, pod growth rate, and pod dry matter distribution ratio (48.75%) compared to the other two varieties. Although Jihua 521 had a large leaf area index and high photosynthetic potential during the growth period, its excessively dense canopy structure resulted in a lower allocation of dry matter to pods and reduced yield. Jihua 19 showed intermediate performance across all traits. In terms of oil and oleic acid content, Jihua 915 and Jihua 19 were comparable and both superior to Jihua 521. The peak accumulation rates of oil and oleic acid in Jihua 915 and Jihua 19 were significantly higher than those in Jihua 521, although their accumulation periods were relatively short. The superior performance of Jihua 915—characterized by optimal canopy architecture, efficient dry matter allocation to pods, and rapid accumulation of oil and oleic acid—was a key contributor to its high yield and quality. The results can provide theoretical basis for breeding new peanut varieties and formulating cultivation technique.

Key words: high oleic acid, peanut, yield, dry matter accumulation, oil accumulation

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