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作物学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 941-948.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.84146

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮钾配施对油菜产量及氮素利用的影响

李静,闫金垚,胡文诗,李小坤,丛日环,任涛(),鲁剑巍   

  1. 华中农业大学资源与环境学院 / 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2018-11-09 接受日期:2019-01-19 出版日期:2019-06-12 网络出版日期:2019-06-12
  • 通讯作者: 任涛
  • 作者简介:E-mail: ljing@webmail.hzau.edu.cn, Tel: 027-87288589
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31872173);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(2662018PY077)资助

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and potassium on seed yield and nitrogen utilization of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Jing LI,Jin-Yao YAN,Wen-Shi HU,Xiao-Kun LI,Ri-Huan CONG,Tao REN(),Jian-Wei LU   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2018-11-09 Accepted:2019-01-19 Published:2019-06-12 Published online:2019-06-12
  • Contact: Tao REN
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872173);the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12);the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662018PY077).

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摘要：

实际生产中氮钾肥投入不平衡严重限制了氮肥肥效及作物的产量潜力。为了探明不同施氮量下钾肥施用对油菜产量及氮素利用的影响, 于2016—2017年及2017—2018年在湖北省武穴市开展连续2年的田间试验, 采用氮钾两因素完全试验设计, 设氮0、90、180、270 kg N hm -2和钾0、60、120、180 kg K2O hm -2各4个水平。在油菜成熟期取样测定产量、地上部氮钾积累量以及氮肥利用率。结果表明, 在钾供应不足时(K0和K60), 冬油菜施用氮肥的平均增产率为113.7%, 而在钾供应充足的条件下(K120和K180), 施用氮肥的平均增产率高达172.9%; 与K0处理相比, K120处理冬油菜氮肥回收利用率平均提高了16.6%, 继续增施钾肥对不同施氮量下冬油菜氮肥回收利用率的进一步提高无显著影响; 达到区域平均产量时, 钾供应充足较低钾(K60)投入平均降低33.9%的氮肥用量。综上所述, 氮钾配施显著提高了冬油菜产量和氮肥利用率, 在冬油菜实际生产中除了重视氮肥施用外, 应增加钾肥投入, 通过优化氮钾肥配施比例可进一步提高油菜产量, 实现冬油菜高产和养分高效。

关键词: 冬油菜, 氮钾配施, 产量, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

The imbalance inputs of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer in current agricultural production severely restricts fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield potential. In order to estimate the influence of K fertilizer application on rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency under different nitrogen application rates, field experiments using two-factor experimental design were conducted at Wuxue county, Hubei province in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 winter oilseed rape growing seasons. Four levels of N and K fertilizer application rates were set up, which were 0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha -1 and 0, 60, 120, 180 kg K2O ha -1, respectively. Seed yield, shoot N and K accumulation and N fertilizer use efficiency were measured at the harvest of winter oilseed rape. When K supply was insufficient (K0 and K60), the average increase rate of seed yield was 113.7%, while under sufficient K supplies (K120 and K180), the average seed yield increase rate was 172.9%. In contrast to the K0 treatment, the K120 treatment increased N fertilizer use efficiency by 16.6% on average; nevertheless, further increase K fertilizer application rate played minor role in the improvement of N fertilizer use efficiency. Considering the regional average rapeseed yield, adequate K supply could reduce the N fertilizer application rate with the average of 33.9% compared with insufficient K fertilization (K60). Consequently, the combined application of N and K fertilizers could significantly enhance rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency. In practices, besides paying more attention to N fertilizer application, K fertilizer input also should be strengthened. Optimizing N and K fertilizer application could be beneficial to further achieving higher seed yield and higher fertilizer use efficiency.

Key words: winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), combined application of nitrogen and potassium, seed yield, nitrogen use efficiency

表1

不同氮肥和钾肥用量对2016-2017和2017-2018年油菜产量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 年份 Year 平均
Average (kg hm-2)
2016/2017 2017/2018
N0 K0 833 c 750 b 791
K60 977 b 909 ab 943
K120 1051 ab 956 ab 1003
K180 1125 a 1088 a 1106
平均 Average 996 926 961
N90 K0 1220 c 1284 c 1252
K60 1618 b 1594 b 1606
K120 2038 a 1988 a 2013
K180 2116 a 2138 a 2127
平均 Average 1748 1751 1749
N180 K0 1904 c 1659 c 1782
K60 2590 b 2278 b 2434
K120 3038 a 2981 a 3009
K180 3366 a 3281 a 3323
平均 Average 2724 2550 2637
N270 K0 1720 c 1406 c 1563
K60 2781 b 2372 b 2576
K120 3320 a 3162 a 3241
K180 3550 a 3478 a 3514
平均 Average 2843 2605 2724
方差分析 ANOVA F值 F-value
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) 761.1**
钾肥 Potassium (K) 296.1**
年份 Year (Y) 15.9**
N×K 29.2**
N×Y 3.2*
K×Y 1.3ns
N×K×Y 0.5ns

表2

不同氮肥和钾肥用量对2016-2017和2017-2018年油菜籽产量构成因素的影响"

处理
Treatment		 单位面积角果数
Number of pods per unit area (No. m-2)		 平均
Average		 角粒数
Seed number
(No. pod-1)		 平均
Average		 千粒重
1000 seed weight
(g)		 平均Average
2016/2017 2017/2018 2016/2017 2017/2018 2016/2017 2017/2018
N0 K0 1245 b 1059 b 1152 24.7 a 24.4 b 24.5 3.3 a 2.9 a 3.1
K60 1444 ab 1160 b 1302 25.4 a 24.7 ab 25.0 3.2 a 3.1 a 3.2
K120 1575 a 1290 ab 1432 26.1 a 25.4 ab 25.8 3.1 a 3.1 a 3.1
K180 1679 a 1503 a 1591 25.8 a 25.8 a 25.8 3.1 a 3.1 a 3.1
平均 Average 1486 1253 1369 25.5 25.1 25.3 3.2 3.0 3.1
N90 K0 2981 c 2272 c 2626 24.1 b 23.4 b 23.8 3.2 a 2.9 a 3.1
K60 3408 bc 2742 b 3075 25.7 ab 26.3 ab 26.0 3.4 a 2.9 a 3.1
K120 3591 ab 3250 a 3421 25.1 ab 25.1 ab 25.1 3.2 a 2.9 a 3.1
K180 4114 a 3479 a 3796 26.3 a 26.6 a 26.4 3.1 a 2.9 a 3.0
平均 Average 3523 2936 3230 25.3 25.4 25.3 3.2 2.9 3.1
N180 K0 3649 c 2662 c 3156 24.3 c 22.7 b 23.5 3.2 b 3.0 a 3.1
K60 4508 b 3593 b 4051 26.3 b 26.3 a 26.3 3.4 ab 3.0 a 3.2
K120 4720 a 4838 a 4779 27.5 a 26.8 a 27.1 3.5 a 3.0 a 3.3
K180 4751 a 5024 a 4888 27.7 a 27.0 a 27.4 3.3 b 3.0 a 3.1
平均 Average 4407 4029 4218 26.5 25.7 26.1 3.4 3.0 3.2
N270 K0 3455 c 2151 d 2803 24.0 c 22.7 b 23.4 3.4 a 3.2 a 3.3
K60 4791 b 3626 c 4209 26.2 b 27.3 a 26.8 3.5 a 3.1 a 3.3
K120 5406 ab 5138 b 5272 27.5 ab 26.0 a 26.8 3.3 a 3.2 a 3.2
K180 5953 a 5710 a 5832 28.1 a 27.4 a 27.7 3.3 a 3.0 a 3.2
平均 Average 4901 4156 4529 26.4 25.9 26.2 3.4 3.1 3.3
方差分析 ANOVA F值 F-value
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) 491.6** 6.3** 9.6**
钾肥 Potassium (K) 119.2** 50.4** 2.9*
年份 Year (Y) 57.2** 4.9* 92.5**
N×K 14.9** 3.7** 1.0ns
N×Y 3.1* 0.9ns 2.9*
K×Y 6.9** 2.3ns 2.2ns
N×K×Y 1.7ns 0.7ns 1.7ns

图1

氮钾肥配施对2016-2017和2017-2018年收获期地上部氮钾积累量的影响 标以不同小写字母的柱值在相同年份同一施氮量下不同钾处理间差异达0.05显著水平; *表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01。处理同表1。"

图2

氮钾肥配施对2016-2017和2017-2018年冬油菜氮素利用效率的影响 标以不同小写字母柱值在相同年份同一施氮量下不同钾处理间差异达0.05显著水平; *表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01; ns表示无显著差异。处理同表1。"

图3

不同施钾量下油菜产量对氮肥的响应及与目标产量对应的最佳施氮量 图中虚线表示产量为2500 kg hm-2时的氮钾肥用量, 点划线表示产量为3000 kg hm-2时的氮钾肥用量; 黑色实心点为2016-2017年平均产量, 空心点为2017-2018年平均产量。处理同表1。"

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