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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (11): 1790-1800.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.94203

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

种肥播施方式对红壤旱地油菜产量及肥料利用率的影响

吕伟生1(), 肖富良1, 张绍文1, 郑伟1, 黄天宝1, 肖小军1, 李亚贞1, 吴艳1, 韩德鹏1, 肖国滨1,*(), 张学昆2,3,*()   

  1. 1 江西省红壤研究所 / 江西省红壤耕地保育重点实验室 / 农业农村部江西耕地保育科学观测实验站, 江西南昌 330046
    2 长江大学 / 湿地生态与农业利用教育部工程研究中心, 湖北荆州 434023
    3 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所, 湖北武汉 430062
  • 收稿日期:2019-12-23 接受日期:2020-07-02 出版日期:2020-11-12 网络出版日期:2020-07-16
  • 通讯作者: 肖国滨,张学昆
  • 作者简介:E-mail:Lvweisheng2008@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);江西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(JXARS-08);江西省重点研发计划项目(20171BBF60032);江西省重点研发计划项目(20181BBF60004);江西省科技合作领域重点项目(20161BBH80069)

Effects of sowing and fertilizing methods on yield and fertilizer use efficiency in red-soil dryland rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

LYU Wei-Sheng1(), XIAO Fu-Liang1, ZHANG Shao-Wen1, ZHENG Wei1, HUANG Tian-Bao1, XIAO Xiao-Jun1, LI Ya-Zhen1, WU Yan1, HAN De-Peng1, XIAO Guo-Bin1,*(), ZHANG Xue-Kun2,3,*()   

  1. 1 Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil / Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Red Soil Arable Land Conservation / Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation in Jiangxi, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanchang 330046, Jiangxi, China
    2 Yangtze University / Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
    3 Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
  • Received:2019-12-23 Accepted:2020-07-02 Published:2020-11-12 Published online:2020-07-16
  • Contact: Guo-Bin XIAO,Xue-Kun ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-12);the Jiangxi Agriculture Research System(JXARS-08);the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20171BBF60032);the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20181BBF60004);the Key Program in Technology Cooperation of Jiangxi Province(20161BBH80069)

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摘要：

为明确红壤旱地油菜适宜的种肥播施方式, 本研究通过2017—2018年和2018—2019年2年的田间试验, 系统分析传统种肥土表撒播(T1)、种子条播而肥料土表撒施(T2)、种肥等行异位同步播施(T3)和种肥宽窄行异位同步播施(T4) 4种不同种肥播施方式对油菜产量、密度动态、干物质变化、养分吸收和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明, 种肥播施方式对红壤旱地油菜产量形成和肥料利用率均产生了显著影响, 且在低肥力条件下影响更为显著。相比T1和T2, T3、T4显著促进了油菜高产的形成和肥料利用率的提高, 但T3与T4二者之间差异不显著。种肥异位同步播施明显提高了各时期油菜干物质量, 尤其是显著增加了初花期至成熟期的干物质积累量, 促进了花后根部与地上部干物质同步增长; 同时促进了对N、P、K的吸收, 保证较高的植株密度并协同产生充足的角果数, 最终提高油菜产量和肥料利用率。因此, 种肥异位同步播施可显著提高红壤旱地油菜生产力, 建议结合机械化种植因地制宜地推广应用。

关键词: 油菜, 红壤旱地, 种植方式, 产量, 肥料利用率

Abstract:

In order to explicit proper sowing and fertilizing methods of rapeseed production in red-soil dryland, a two-year field experiment covering two rapeseed seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) was conducted with four treatments of sowing and fertilizing methods to analyze the impact on yield formation and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed, including conventional sowing and fertilizing method (T1), sowing in row with surface broadcast fertilizing (T2), synchronous sowing in uniform row with side deep fertilizing (T3) and synchronous sowing in wide-narrow row with side deep fertilizing (T4). The results were as follows: The yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed in red-soil dryland were significantly affected by sowing and fertilizing methods. Besides, these differences were more significant in poor soil condition and drought season (2017-2018) than those in nutrient-rich soil condition and rainy season (2018-2019). Compared with T1 and T2, T3 and T4 promoted the yield formation and increased its fertilizer use efficiency significantly, whereas there was no significant difference between T3 and T4. Specifically, the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing could improve dry matter production during the whole growth period of rapeseed, especially from anthesis to maturity, with a corresponding rise of dry matter accumulation of both underground and aboveground after anthesis. Meanwhile, compared with the conventional cultivation, the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing increased the uptake of nutrients (N, P and K), effective plant density and maintained sufficient pod number, and thus improved the yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed. This study indicated that the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing had the potential of improving rapeseed productivity in red-soil dryland of southern China. Therefore, it should be suggested to promote the application according to local condition.

Key words: rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), red-soil dryland, planting pattern, seed yield, fertilizer use efficiency

图1

试验点2017-2019年油菜生育期内各月的气温和降水量"

表1

不同种植方式对油菜籽粒产量的影响"

施肥处理
Fertilizer application		 种植方式
Planting pattern		 产量Yield (kg hm-2)
2017-2018 2018-2019 平均Average
F0 T1 678.3 a 1133.3 a 905.8 a
T2 723.3 a 1196.7 a 960.0 a
T3 747.5 a 1226.7 a 987.1 a
T4 732.5 a 1218.3 a 975.4 a
F1 T1 1924.2 c 2111.7 b 2017.9 c
T2 2111.7 b 2288.3 ab 2200.0 b
T3 2388.3 a 2398.4 a 2393.3 a
T4 2346.7 a 2426.7 a 2386.7 a
方差分析 ANOVA
施肥处理 Fertilizer application (F) **
种植方式 Planting pattern (P) **
年份 Year (Y) *
施肥处理×种植方式 F×P *
施肥处理×年份 F×Y **
种植方式×年份 P×Y ns
施肥处理×种植方式×年份 F×P×Y ns

表2

不同种植方式对油菜产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 种植方式
Planting pattern		 收获密度
Plant density
(×104 hm-2)		 每株角果数
Pod number		 每角粒数
Seed number		 千粒重
1000-seed weight
(g)
2017-2018 T1 33.7 b 95.9 b 19.9 a 3.63 a
T2 37.9 ab 94.1 b 20.1 a 3.78 a
T3 40.3 a 106.9 a 19.8 a 3.72 a
T4 40.0 a 107.5 a 19.1 a 3.75 a
2018-2019 T1 41.4 b 93.2 b 18.9 a 3.38 a
T2 48.1 a 91.1 b 19.0 a 3.54 a
T3 46.8 a 104.6 a 18.8 a 3.29 a
T4 47.0 a 106.5 a 18.3 a 3.52 a
方差分析 ANOVA
种植方式 Planting pattern (P) ** ** ns ns
年份 Year (Y) * ns ns *
种植方式×年份 P×Y ns ns ns ns

表3

油菜产量与产量构成的相关系数及通径系数"

构成因素
Yield component		 产量结构间相关系数
Correlation coefficient among yield components		 对Y直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient
to Y
X2 X3 X4 产量Yield (Y)
收获密度 Plant density (X1) 0.119 -0.691 -0.587 0.746* 0.944
每株角果数 Pod number (X2) -0.292 0.102 0.702* 0.621
每角粒数 Seed number (X3) 0.635 -0.504 0.287
千粒重 1000-seed weight (X4) -0.168 0.198

表4

不同种植方式对油菜植株密度的影响"

年份
Year		 种植方式
Planting pattern		 植株密度 Plant density (×104 hm-2) 出苗率
Emergence rate (%)		 成苗率
Seedling rate (%)		 成株率
Mature plant rate (%)
全苗期
Emergence stage		 五叶期
Five-leaf stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
2017-2018 T1 92.6 a 62.0 b 33.7 b 77.2 a 67.1 a 36.2 b
T2 96.3 a 66.7 ab 37.9 ab 80.3 a 69.2 a 39.5 a
T3 100.0 a 69.4 a 40.3 a 83.3 a 69.5 a 40.4 a
T4 99.1 a 71.3 a 40.0 a 82.6 a 72.1 a 40.5 a
2018-2019 T1 96.3 a 63.9 b 41.4 b 80.3 a 66.6 a 42.9 b
T2 103.7 a 72.2 a 48.1 a 86.4 a 69.4 a 46.5 a
T3 101.9 a 71.3 a 46.8 a 84.9 a 70.0 a 46.0 ab
T4 102.8 a 72.2 a 47.0 a 85.7 a 70.3 a 45.8 ab
方差分析 ANOVA
种植方式 Planting pattern (P) ns * ** ns ns *
年份 Year (Y) * ns * * ns *
种植方式×年份 P×Y ns ns ns ns ns ns

图2

不同种植方式对油菜各生育期根部和地上部干物质量的影响 图柱上的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。处理同表1。"

图3

不同种植方式对油菜地上部N、P、K养分吸收量的影响 图柱上的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。处理同表1。"

表5

不同种植方式对油菜肥料利用率的影响"

种植方式
Planting pattern		 肥料农学利用率
Fertilizer agronomic utilization
rate (kg kg-1)		 肥料偏生产力
Fertilizer partial factor productivity
(kg kg-1)		 肥料贡献率
Fertilizer contribution rate
(%)
2017-2018 2018-2019 2017-2018 2018-2019 2017-2018 2018-2019
T1 4.11 b 3.26 b 6.41 c 7.04 b 61.4 b 45.4 b
T2 4.63 b 3.64 ab 7.04 b 7.63 ab 63.8 b 47.7 ab
T3 5.47 a 3.91 a 7.96 a 7.99 a 68.7 a 49.7 a
T4 5.38 a 4.03 a 7.82 a 8.09 a 68.8 a 50.6 a
方差分析 ANOVA
种植方式 Planting pattern (P) ** ** *
年份 Year (Y) * ns **
种植方式×年份 P×Y ns ns ns
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