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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2638-2653.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13053

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

种植方式与施氮对西北旱区饲草作物产量、品质和水分利用的影响

魏正业(), 张海星, 石薇, 常生华, 张程, 贾倩民(), 侯扶江   

  1. 兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室 / 兰州大学农业农村部草牧业创新重点实验室 / 兰州大学草地农业教育部工程研究中心 / 兰州大学草地农业科技学院, 甘肃兰州 730020
  • 收稿日期:2021-09-08 接受日期:2022-02-25 出版日期:2022-10-12 网络出版日期:2022-03-31
  • 通讯作者: 贾倩民
  • 作者简介:第一作者联系方式: E-mail: weizhy20@lzu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(31901389);兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(lzujbky-2019-33);兰州大学“双一流”引导专项-队伍建设-科研启动费项目(561119204)

Effects of planting methods and nitrogen application on forage crop yield, quality and water use in arid area of northwest China

WEI Zheng-Ye(), ZHANG Hai-Xing, SHI Wei, CHANG Sheng-Hua, ZHANG Cheng, JIA Qian-Min(), HOU Fu-Jiang   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems / Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education / College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, Gansu, China
  • Received:2021-09-08 Accepted:2022-02-25 Published:2022-10-12 Published online:2022-03-31
  • Contact: JIA Qian-Min
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901389);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2019-33);Scientific Research Start-up Cost of Team Construction Funds of “Double First-Rate” Guiding Project of Lanzhou University(561119204)

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摘要：

间作和施氮是提高饲草作物产量和品质的重要措施, 然而, 在西北旱区青贮玉米-豆科作物间作系统的适宜施氮量尚不明确。本试验采用二因素随机区组设计, 设置3个种植方式(青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作, silage corn/Dolichos lablab intercropping, SL; 青贮玉米-秣食豆间作, silage corn/fodder soybean intercropping, SF; 青贮玉米单作, silage corn monoculture, S)和4种施氮水平(N1: 0 kg hm-2; N2: 120 kg hm-2; N3: 240 kg hm-2; N4: 360 kg hm-2)。分析种植方式和施氮水平对饲草作物产量、品质和水分利用的影响, 探索适宜西北旱区的玉-豆间作组合及施氮量。结果表明, 与S处理相比, 2019年和2020年SL处理的干草产量分别显著增加8.94%和8.68%, 水分利用效率分别显著增加12.28%和8.90%。间作较单作显著提高了饲草作物的粗蛋白和粗灰分含量, 显著降低了淀粉和中性洗涤纤维含量。施氮处理较不施氮显著提高了饲草作物的干草产量、粗蛋白、淀粉和粗脂肪含量, 显著降低了中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量, 而对粗灰分含量无显著影响。2019年N2、N3和N4的干草产量较N1分别显著增加30.30%、56.19%和53.95%, 2020年分别显著增加22.02%、60.54%和51.83%。N3和N4的WUE显著高于N1和N2, 而N3与N4无显著差异。所有处理中, SL-N3获得了最高的2年平均干草产量(33.10 t hm-2)、粗蛋白含量(10.01%)和水分利用效率(62.50 kg hm-2 mm-1)。综上所述, SL-N3是一种适合西北旱区青贮玉米生产的种植管理模式。

关键词: 施氮, 青贮玉米, 豆科作物, 产量, 营养品质

Abstract:

Intercropping and nitrogen application are important measures to improve the yield and quality of forage crops. However, the suitable nitrogen application rate of silage corn/legume intercropping system in the arid area of Northwest China is not clear. Three planting methods of silage corn/Dolichos lablab intercropping (SL), silage corn/fodder soybean intercropping (SF), and silage corn monoculture (S) were conducted in this experiment. Four nitrogen application levels of 0 kg hm-2 (N1), 120 kg hm-2 (N2), 240 kg hm-2 (N3), and 360 kg hm-2 (N4) were set under each planting mode. To explore the suitable jade bean intercropping combination and nitrogen application rate in the arid area of Northwest China, the effects of planting methods and nitrogen application levels on forage crop yield, quality and water use were analyzed. The results showed that compared with S treatment, the hay yield of SL treatment increased significantly by 8.94% and 8.68% in 2019 and 2020, and the water use efficiency increased significantly by 12.28% and 8.90%, respectively. Compared with monoculture, intercropping significantly increased the contents of crude protein and crude ash, and significantly reduced the contents of starch and neutral detergent fiber. Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application significantly increased hay yield, crude protein, starch, and crude fat content, significantly reduced neutral and acid detergent fiber content, but there was no significant effect on crude ash content. Compared with N1, the hay yields of N2, N3, and N4 increased significantly by 30.30%, 56.19%, and 53.95% in 2019 and 22.02%, 60.54%, and 51.83% in 2020, respectively. WUE of N3 and N4 was significantly higher than that of N1 and N2, but there was no significant difference between N3 and N4. Among all treatments, SL-N3 obtained the highest two-year average hay yield (33.10 t hm-2), crude protein content (10.01%), and WUE (62.50 kg hm-2 mm-1). To sum up, SL-N3 is a management model suitable for silage corn production in arid areas of northwest China.

Key words: nitrogen application, silage corn, leguminous crops, yield, nutritional quality

图1

临泽试验站月平均降水及气温"

表1

2020年收获期不同处理下饲草作物的株高、茎粗和相对叶绿素含量"

种植方式Planting mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen level		 玉米株高
Plant height of corn (cm)		 玉米相对
叶绿素含量
SPAD of corn		 玉米茎粗
Stem diameter of corn (mm)		 豆科作物株高
Plant height of legume (cm)		 豆科作物
相对叶绿素含量
SPAD of legume
青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作
SL		 N1 199.99 bc 36.70 d 21.96 c 145.45 bc 39.80 b
N2 226.09 ab 38.95 cd 23.01 bc 159.29 b 40.69 b
N3 206.73 bc 41.25 bc 24.01 bc 150.29 b 42.40 b
N4 237.20 a 50.10 a 23.00 bc 199.52 a 47.50 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆间作
SF		 N1 191.72 c 32.75 e 24.77 abc 116.33 d 12.50 c
N2 234.42 ab 34.85 de 26.23 ab 124.67 d 13.77 c
N3 209.90 bc 43.10 bc 26.77 ab 131.67 cd 16.50 c
N4 201.59 bc 47.20 ab 23.46 bc 119.67 d 13.03 c
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 206.17 bc 31.90 e 21.47 c
N2 234.77 ab 33.55 e 22.79 bc
N3 215.87 ab 35.15 d 24.02 bc
N4 242.21 a 46.30 ab 28.06 a
平均值
Average		 SL 217.50 AB 41.75 A 23.00 B 163.64 A 42.60 A
SF 209.41 B 39.48 A 25.31 A 123.08 B 13.95 B
S 224.75 A 36.73 B 24.09 AB
N1 199.29 C 33.78 C 22.73 B 87.26 B 17.43 B
N2 231.76 A 35.78 C 24.01 AB 94.65 B 18.15 AB
N3 210.83 BC 39.83 B 24.93 A 93.99 B 19.63 A
N4 227.00 AB 47.87 A 24.84 A 106.40 A 20.18 A
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P * ** ** ** **
N ** ** ** ** **
P×N ns ns ** ** **

图2

不同处理下饲草作物的干草产量 SL、SF和S分别表示青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作、青贮玉米-秣食豆间作和青贮玉米单作, N0、N1、N2和N3表示4个施氮水平0、120、240和360 kg hm-2, P、N和P×N分别表示种植方式、施氮水平、种植方式和施氮水平的交互作用, **表示差异极显著(P < 0.01), *表示差异显著(P < 0.05), ns表示差异不显著(P > 0.05), 不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平, 不同大写字母表示同一因素不同水平间差异达0.05显著水平。"

表2

不同处理下饲草作物的粗蛋白、淀粉和粗脂肪含量"

种植方式
Planting mode		 施氮水平
Nitrogen
application level		 粗蛋白Crude protein (%) 淀粉Starch (%) 粗脂肪Crude fat (%)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作
SL		 N1 7.63±0.14 de 7.30±0.37 e 32.86±0.60 b 29.74±1.32 b 2.20±0.05 de 2.88±0.13 cd
N2 8.66±0.34 bcd 8.55±0.38 c 33.71±1.77 ab 31.20±1.46 b 2.54±0.15 abc 2.97±0.11 bc
N3 9.91±0.47 a 10.10±0.01 a 34.68±1.94 ab 32.54±0.86 b 2.76±0.15 ab 3.25±0.04 ab
N4 10.09±0.65 a 9.72±0.21 ab 34.09±2.94 ab 32.47±0.55 b 2.84±0.21 a 3.27±0.10 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆间作
SF		 N1 7.43±0.41 ef 7.13±0.24 e 33.21±2.23 ab 29.74±1.34 b 2.12±0.14 de 3.03±0.14 abc
N2 8.19±0.34 cde 8.58±0.16 c 35.34±2.20 ab 30.04±1.42 b 2.37±0.12 bcd 3.02±0.08 abc
N3 9.06±0.42 abc 9.56±0.18 ab 35.96±2.07 ab 32.25±0.38 b 2.71±0.19 ab 3.14±0.08 abc
N4 9.52±0.33 ab 9.30±0.11 b 34.40±1.99 ab 32.64±1.30 b 2.87±0.17 a 3.30±0.10 a
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 6.36±0.37 f 6.06±0.13 f 36.98±3.06 ab 30.60±0.83 b 2.01±0.15 e 2.69±0.03 d
N2 7.32±0.46 ef 7.17±0.30 e 37.07±2.02 ab 31.54±1.84 b 2.49±0.18 abc 2.92±0.11 cd
N3 8.12±0.65 cde 8.06±0.20 cd 39.56±2.87 a 37.09±1.71 a 2.81±0.20 a 3.03±0.08 abc
N4 8.48±0.41 bcde 7.72±0.44 de 37.11±2.25 ab 38.34±2.45 a 2.93±0.16 a 3.09±0.16 abc
平均值
Average		 SL 9.07±1.11 A 8.92±1.17 A 33.83±1.84 B 31.49±1.52 B 2.59±0.29 A 3.09±0.20 A
SF 8.55±0.90 B 8.64±1.00 B 34.72±2.11 B 31.17±1.69 B 2.52±0.33 A 3.12±0.15 A
S 7.57±0.95 C 7.25±0.83 C 37.68±2.48 A 34.40±3.84 A 2.56±0.40 A 2.93±0.18 B
N1 7.14±0.65 C 6.83±0.62 D 34.35±2.76 A 30.03±1.12 B 2.11±0.14 C 2.87±0.18 B
N2 8.06±0.68 B 8.10±0.74 C 35.37±2.27 A 30.93±1.53 B 2.47±0.15 B 2.97±0.10 B
N3 9.03±0.90 A 9.24±0.93 A 36.73±2.98 A 33.96±2.54 A 2.76±0.16 A 3.14±0.11 A
N4 9.36±0.82 A 8.91±0.95 B 35.20±2.55 A 34.49±3.22 A 2.88±0.16 A 3.22±0.15 A
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P ** ** ** ** ns **
N ** ** ns ** ** **
P×N ns ns ns * ns ns

表3

不同处理下饲草作物的粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量"

种植方式
Planting
mode		 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 粗灰分
Crude ash (%)		 中性洗涤纤维
Neutral detergent fiber (%)		 酸性洗涤纤维
Acid detergent fiber (%)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆间作
SL		 N1 4.54±0.12 ab 5.02±0.42 a 41.27±1.87 ab 43.76±4.13 ab 26.21±1.05 a 28.15±2.92 a
N2 4.58±0.24 ab 4.98±0.34 a 39.70±2.37 ab 41.89±2.27 abc 26.05±1.69 a 25.62±1.61 abc
N3 4.74±0.30 a 5.04±0.04 a 36.77±1.59 ab 38.50±1.05 bc 23.66±1.37 ab 22.57±0.59 cd
N4 4.55±0.35 ab 4.86±0.25 a 36.01±1.63 b 36.86±0.46 c 22.93±1.01 ab 21.51±0.39 d
青贮玉米-秣食豆间作
SF		 N1 4.28±0.28 abc 5.00±0.26 a 41.97±3.44 ab 43.24±3.66 ab 26.67±1.95 a 27.59±2.36 ab
N2 4.57±0.22 ab 4.89±0.11 a 40.33±2.72 ab 41.12±1.86 abc 26.61±1.52 a 25.48±1.17 abc
N3 4.55±0.27 ab 5.03±0.18 a 37.83±2.31 ab 39.85±1.21 bc 24.46±1.69 ab 23.49±0.74 cd
N4 4.59±0.27 ab 4.72±0.09 a 37.35±1.36 ab 38.68±0.18 bc 23.38±1.14 ab 22.04±0.01 cd
青贮玉米单作S N1 3.70±0.19 c 4.53±0.08 a 43.27±3.35 a 46.06±1.33 a 26.20±1.55 a 27.07±0.83 ab
N2 3.86±0.23 bc 4.59±0.14 a 41.74±2.27 ab 44.23±1.05 ab 25.53±1.48 ab 24.61±0.47 abcd
N3 4.13±0.30 abc 4.61±0.01 a 39.83±2.29 ab 42.20±1.36 abc 23.19±1.45 ab 24.22±0.26 bcd
N4 4.06±0.20 abc 4.50±0.19 a 37.64±1.27 ab 39.58±1.62 bc 21.92±0.93 b 21.97±0.54 cd
平均值
Average		 SL 4.60±0.24 A 4.97±0.26 A 38.44±2.76 A 40.25±3.51 B 24.71±1.87 A 24.46±3.09 A
SF 4.49±0.26 A 4.91±0.20 A 39.37±2.94 A 40.72±2.54 B 25.28±2.01 A 24.65±2.48 A
M 3.94±0.27 B 4.56±0.11 B 40.62±3.01 A 43.02±2.77 A 24.21±2.15 A 24.47±1.95 A
N1 4.17±0.42 A 4.85±0.35 A 42.17±2.72 A 44.35±3.12 A 26.36±1.37 A 27.60±1.98 A
N2 4.34±0.41 A 4.82±0.26 A 40.59±2.31 AB 42.41±2.10 AB 26.06±1.43 A 25.24±1.13 B
N3 4.47±0.37 A 4.89±0.23 A 38.14±2.26 BC 40.18±1.93 BC 23.77±1.42 B 23.43±0.87 C
N4 4.40±0.35 A 4.69±0.22 A 37.00±1.45 C 38.37±1.47 C 22.75±1.10 B 21.84±0.42 D
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P ** ** ns ** ns ns
N ns ns ** ** ** **
P×N ns ns ns ns ns ns

图3

不同处理下饲草作物的相对饲用价值 处理同图2。**表示差异极显著(P < 0.01), *表示差异显著(P < 0.05), ns表示差异不显著(P > 0.05), 不同小写字母表示处理间差异达0.05显著水平, 不同大写字母表示同一因素不同水平间差异达0.05显著水平。"

表4

不同处理下的土壤贮水量"

种植方式Intercropping mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 播种前Before sowing (mm) 收获期Harvest period (mm)
2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆
间作
SL		 N1 367.57±16.38 a 354.10±11.18 a 352.78±17.80 a 382.34±9.08 a
N2 361.47±19.73 a 339.31±15.40 a 328.73±16.25 ab 362.52±6.08 a
N3 359.90±24.87 a 329.57±18.22 a 308.90±16.48 ab 369.97±7.00 a
N4 358.82±26.26 a 334.92±20.61 a 307.20±16.60 ab 386.20±9.80 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆
间作
SF		 N1 368.92±19.33 a 353.30±22.41 a 353.97±23.82 a 371.20±23.81 a
N2 369.82±21.82 a 347.79±23.72 a 346.40±20.51 ab 361.32±4.94 a
N3 367.30±22.04 a 330.05±24.09 a 312.45±17.41 ab 358.18±1.98 a
N4 373.57±25.27 a 348.62±25.50 a 310.74±16.13 ab 378.09±1.99 a
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 368.92±25.34 a 349.18±17.45 a 341.23±18.90 ab 381.20±20.65 a
N2 369.82±28.09 a 341.51±25.56 a 319.66±17.34 ab 375.59±3.60 a
N3 368.98±28.62 a 327.55±20.67 a 303.18±20.26 ab 368.61±4.48 a
N4 372.05±19.39 a 343.58±20.40 a 296.25±19.47 b 376.65±9.51 a
平均值
Average		 SL 361.94±19.23 A 339.47±17.15 A 324.40±24.00 A 375.26±12.09 A
SF 369.90±19.10 A 344.94±22.42 A 330.89±26.39 A 367.20±13.32 A
S 369.94±21.89 A 340.45±19.92 A 315.08±24.31 A 375.51±11.05 A
N1 368.47±17.93 A 352.19±15.43 A 349.33±18.64 A 378.25±17.24 AB
N2 367.03±20.76 A 342.87±19.44 A 331.60±19.62 A 366.48±8.10 B
N3 365.40±22.32 A 329.06±18.34 A 308.18±16.21 B 365.59±7.03 B
N4 368.15±21.81 A 342.37±20.22 A 304.73±16.48 B 380.31±8.22 A
因素显著性Significance of ANOVA P ns ns ns ns
N ns ns ** **
P×N ns ns ns ns

表5

不同处理下的土壤蒸散量和水分利用效率"

种植方式Intercropping mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 土壤蒸散量ET (mm) 水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2019 2020 2019 2020
青贮玉米-拉巴豆
间作
SL		 N1 553.89±17.45 a 496.10±11.95 a 40.28±1.62 cd 40.16±1.07 de
N2 571.83±37.35 a 494.18±25.51 a 49.97±3.09 ab 48.59±2.40 cd
N3 590.10±28.06 a 477.00±25.21 a 57.82±4.05 a 67.23±4.12 a
N4 590.71±38.14 a 466.12±34.60 a 55.99±3.19 a 65.81±4.75 a
青贮玉米-秣食豆
间作
SF		 N1 554.06±24.36 a 499.50±33.93 a 37.13±2.16 cd 38.35±2.10 e
N2 562.51±28.71 a 503.87±18.42 a 49.36±2.51 ab 46.52±2.81 de
N3 593.96±36.26 a 489.28±34.42 a 56.25±3.29 a 64.54±4.62 ab
N4 601.93±43.02 a 487.93±37.69 a 55.11±3.57 a 61.15±3.89 ab
青贮玉米单作
S		 N1 566.79±28.15 a 485.38±11.30 a 35.79±2.11 d 38.56±2.58 e
N2 589.26±38.78 a 483.32±29.86 a 44.07±3.24 bc 47.72±3.57 cd
N3 604.90±47.31 a 476.33±32.07 a 51.48±3.81 ab 61.17±4.03 ab
N4 614.90±39.55 a 484.34±30.80 a 50.42±3.30 ab 56.23±3.01 bc
种植方式Intercropping mode 施氮水平
Nitrogen application level		 土壤蒸散量ET (mm) 水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
2019 2020 2019 2020
平均值
Average		 SL 576.64±31.10 A 483.35±25.41 A 51.02±7.62 A 55.45±12.34 A
SF 578.12±35.79 A 495.14±28.18 A 49.46±8.31 A 52.64±11.54 AB
S 593.96±38.32 A 482.34±23.63 A 45.44±7.07 B 50.92±9.43 B
N1 558.25±21.53 B 493.66±19.90 A 37.73±2.63 C 39.02±1.95 C
N2 574.54±32.70 AB 493.79±23.44 A 47.80±3.81 B 47.61±2.72 B
N3 596.32±33.60 AB 480.87±27.42 A 55.18±4.31 A 64.31±4.53 A
N4 602.52±36.43 A 479.46±31.53 A 53.84±3.90 A 61.06±5.38 A
因素显著性
Significance of ANOVA		 P ns ns ** *
N * ns ** **
P×N ns ns ns ns

图4

干草产量与施氮量的关系 处理同图2。"

图5

粗蛋白含量与施氮量的关系 处理同图2。"

图6

不同种植模式下水分利用效率与施氮量关系 处理同图2。"

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