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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6): 1526-1537.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41085

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于6个表型性状的青稞种质遗传多样性分析及综合评价

旺姆1,2(), 卓嘎1,2, 扎桑1,2, 西若曲宗1,2, 达瓦顿珠1,2, 郭刚刚3, 张京3, 卓嘎4, 伦珠朗杰1,2,*()   

  1. 1省部共建青稞和牦牛种质资源与遗传改良国家重点实验室, 西藏拉萨 850002
    2西藏自治区农牧科学院农业研究所, 西藏拉萨 850002
    3中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081
    4西藏农牧学院植物科学学院, 西藏林芝 860000
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-02 接受日期:2025-03-26 出版日期:2025-06-12 网络出版日期:2025-04-03
  • 通讯作者: *伦珠朗杰, E-mail: lhundrupnamgyal@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: wangmu_la@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由西藏自治区重点研发及转化项目(XZ202401ZY0100)

Genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of Qingke germplasm based on six phenotypic traits

WANG Mu1,2(), ZHUO Ga1,2, ZHA Sang1,2, XIRUO Qu-Zong1,2, DAWA Dondup1,2, GUO Gang-Gang3, ZHANG Jing3, ZHUO Ga4, LHUNDRUP Namgyal1,2,*()   

  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, Xizang, China
    2Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAR), Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850002, Xizang, China
    3Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    4College of Plant Science, Xizang University of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Nyingchi 860000, Xizang, China
  • Received:2024-12-02 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published:2025-06-12 Published online:2025-04-03
  • Contact: *E-mail: lhundrupnamgyal@163.com
  • Supported by:
    the Key R&D and Transformation Projects in Xizang Autonomous Region(XZ202401ZY0100)

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摘要： 通过青稞种质遗传多样性评估, 能够深入了解资源的优势变异, 为青稞育种中优异互补亲本的选择提供便利, 有效提高优异基因的交流聚合和新品种选育的效率。本研究选用了来自青稞种植区域的不同生态类型的1112份供试材料, 通过6个表型性状的综合鉴定, 评估遗传多样性和鉴定优异种质资源。结果表明: (1) 青稞资源的表型遗传多样性丰富, 分蘖数、株高、穗长、茎粗、主穗粒数和主穗粒重均表现了丰富的变异; 从农家品种到人工杂交选择的育成品种主要在产量密切相关的性状有较明显的变化, 育种的遗传增益主要体现在增加穗粒数和穗粒重; (2) 区内人工杂交选择的育成品种遗传多样性相比区外人工杂交选择的育成品种低, 但总体性状表现优于区外品种; (3) 系统聚类分析, 将青稞资源分成4类, 第I类6个性状表型平均值最高, 第II类分蘖数最多, 其他性状表现中等, 第III类分蘖数最少, 其他性状表现中等, 第IV类各性状的表型平均值最低; (4) 主成分分析法和逐步回归分析法综合评判表明, 除穗长对青稞综合表型影响较低以外, 其他5个性状可作为青稞表型鉴定的主要指标, 解释率R2高达0.999。

关键词: 青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.), 种质资源, 表型性状, 综合评价, 多样性

Abstract:

Evaluating the genetic diversity of Qingke germplasm enhances our understanding of beneficial variations within these resources, facilitating the selection of complementary parental lines for breeding and improving the efficiency of elite gene exchange, aggregation, and new variety development. In this study, 1112 local Qingke varieties from different ecological regions were analyzed to assess genetic diversity based on six phenotypic traits and identify superior germplasm resources. The results revealed rich phenotypic genetic diversity, with significant variation observed in tiller number, plant height, spike length, stem diameter, grains per main spike, and grain weight per main spike. Compared to landraces, cultivated varieties derived from artificial hybridization exhibited noticeable changes, particularly in yield-related traits, with genetic gains primarily reflected in increased grain number and grain weight per spike. The genetic diversity of regionally bred hybrid cultivars was lower than that of non-local cultivars; however, regionally bred varieties demonstrated superior overall trait performance. Cluster analysis grouped the Qingke germplasm into four categories: Category I exhibited the highest average phenotypic values across all traits; Category II had the largest tiller number with moderate levels for other traits; Category III had the fewest tillers, with other traits at moderate levels; and Category IV had the lowest phenotypic values for all traits. Principal component analysis and stepwise regression indicated that, except for spike length, the remaining five traits served as the primary indicators for Qingke phenotypic evaluation, with an explanatory power of R2 = 0.999. This study highlights the substantial genetic diversity within Qingke germplasm and provides valuable insights for the selection and breeding of improved varieties.

Key words: Qingke (Hordeum vulgare L.), germplasm resources, phenotypic traits, comprehensive evaluation, diversity

图1

6个表型性状的遗传力"

表1

1112份青稞资源的表型性状变化及分布特征"

农艺性状
Agronomic trait		 平均值
Mean ± SD		 变幅
Range		 变异系数
CV (%)		 多样性指数
Shannon H′
分蘖数 Tiller number 2.86 ± 1.15 1.00-8.67 40.30 1.38
株高 Plant height 99.63 ± 15.33 49.40-148.00 15.39 1.47
穗长 Panicle length 4.94 ± 1.02 1.24-9.00 25.84 1.45
茎粗 Stem diameter 4.41 ± 0.53 2.32-6.25 12.08 1.45
穗粒数 Grain number 38.82 ± 9.97 5.66-76.86 25.68 1.46
粒重 Grain weight 1.56 ± 0.48 0.20-3.77 30.71 1.44

图2

1112份青稞资源表型性状的分布情况 1表示农家品种, 2表示系统选育品种, 3表示区内人工杂交选择的育成品种, 4表示区外人工杂交选择的育成品种。黑色虚线表示各类型品种的性状平均值。"

表2

不同类型青稞资源主要表型性状比较"

类型
Types		 参数
Parameter		 分蘖数
Tiller number
(P < 0.01)		 株高
Plant height
(P < 0.05)		 穗长
Panicle length
(P < 0.05)		 茎粗
Stem diameter
(P < 0.05)		 穗粒数
Grain number
(P < 0.05)		 穗粒重
Grain weight
(P < 0.05)
农家品种 (1018)
Landraces		 平均值
Mean ± SD		 2.91±1.17 A 99.31±15.22 b 3.91±0.98 b 4.40±0.53 b 38.77±9.97 b 1.55±0.47 b
变幅
Range		 1.00-8.67 55.00-148.00 1.24-7.74 2.84-6.25 5.66-76.80 0.20-3.77
变异系数
CV (%)		 40.25 15.33 25.05 12.07 25.72 30.63
系统选育品种(36)
Systematically bred		 平均值
Mean ± SD		 2.56±0.99 AB 109.2±16.13 a 4.09±1.49 ab 4.61±0.52 a 43.15±10.21 a 1.74±0.47 a
变幅
Range		 1.00-5.00 70.80-139.00 1.37-9.00 3.54-6.14 17.33-60.40 0.60-2.64
变异系数
CV (%)		 38.45 14.77 36.38 11.20 23.67 26.82
区内育成品种(36)
Xizang cultivars		 平均值
Mean ± SD		 2.39±1.07 B 101.21±10.21 b 4.31±1.10 a 4.58±0.47 a 40.05±9.54 abc 1.76±0.54 a
变幅
Range		 1.00-5.80 78.60-121.00 2.10-6.94 3.60-5.92 15.75-66.20 0.54-3.04
变异系数
CV (%)		 44.84 10.09 25.56 10.31 23.83 30.51
区外育成品种(22)
Out Xizang
cultivars		 平均值
Mean ± SD		 2.53±1.18 AB 87.94±16.64 c 4.18±1.074 ab 4.32±0.68 ab 36.11±8.36 bc 1.63±0.52 ab
变幅
Range		 1.00-6.20 49.40-110.20 2.00-7.00 2.32-5.94 16.00-48.80 0.53-2.94
变异系数
CV (%)		 46.50 18.92 25.72 15.69 23.15 31.81

表3

不同区域农家品种表型差异分析"

性状
Trait		 不同地区(平均值±标准差) Different regions (mean ± SD) F P
东部地区
Eastern region
(n = 355)		 中部地区
Central region
(n = 341)		 西部地区
Western region
(n = 322)
分蘖数Tiller number 2.96 ± 1.17 2.82 ± 1.14 2.94 ± 1.20 1.256 0.285
茎粗Stem diameter 4.46 ± 0.53 4.53 ± 0.49 4.21 ± 0.52 35.155 0.000**
穗粒重Grain weight 1.54 ± 0.46 1.63 ± 0.50 1.48 ± 0.45 8.599 0.000**
穗粒数Grain number 38.87 ± 10.37 40.83 ± 9.91 36.72 ± 9.25 14.021 0.000**
穗长Panicle length 3.69 ± 1.00 3.92 ± 0.91 4.10 ± 0.99 14.438 0.000**
株高Plant height 98.79 ± 15.52 101.96 ± 15.04 97.27 ± 14.79 7.983 0.000**

图3

不同区域的品种间的表型比较分析 *表示P < 0.05, **表示P < 0.01, ***表示P < 0.001, ****表示P < 0.0001。"

表4

青稞种质表型性状的主成分分析"

性状 Trait PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
分蘖数 Tiller number 0 0.7860 0.1930 0.5850
株高 Plant height 0.3670 0.3260 0.5160 -0.6310
穗长 Panicle length 0.3060 0.3320 - 0.8220 -0.1900
茎粗 Stem diameter 0.4050 -0.3910 0.1310 0.4510
穗粒数 Grain number 0.5580 0 0 0
穗粒重 Grain weight 0.5440 -0.1120 0 0.1320
特征值Eigenvalue 2.6883 1.2199 0.8127 0.6262
百分率Contribution rate (%) 44.8056 20.3322 13.5462 10.4367
累计百分率Cumulative contribution rate (%) 44.8056 65.1378 78.6840 89.1207

图4

1112份青稞种质资源的主成分分析(PCA)"

表5

6个表型性状与表型综合值(F值)间的相关系数"

性状 Trait F值 F-value
分蘖数 Tiller number 0.2355***
株高 Plant height 0.9814***
穗长 Panicle length 0.2700***
茎粗 Stem diameter 0.3028***
主穗粒数 Grain number 0.6179***
主穗粒重Grain weight 0.4961***

图5

青稞种质资源的系统聚类图"

表6

4种类群中6个表型性状的平均值比较 Tabel 6 Comparison of mean values of six phenotypic traits among four groups"

类群
Group		 分蘖数
Tiller number		 株高
Plant height		 穗长
Panicle length		 茎粗
Stem diameter		 主穗粒数
Grain number		 主穗粒重
Grain weight		 品种数
Number of varieties
I 2.62 110.04 4.84 4.91 52.45 2.22 187
II 4.01 106.00 4.42 4.21 39.28 1.51 290
III 2.26 99.85 3.55 4.67 40.29 1.65 337
IV 2.59 86.67 3.37 3.98 28.14 1.07 298

图6

4个类群中的分布分析"

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