作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 516-525.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44074
陈于婷1,丁晓雨2,许本波1,张学昆1,徐劲松1,*,殷艳1,*
CHEN Yu-Ting1,DING Xiao-Yu2,XU Ben-Bo1,ZHANG Xue-Kun1,XU Jin-Song1,*,YIN Yan1,*
摘要:
长江中游流域是我国最重要的油菜主产区,为探明气候变暖下降雨和气温时空变化对我国油菜生产的影响规律,本研究利用油菜主栽品种华油杂12 (国家油菜区试长江中游组对照品种),在长江中游6个主产区开展10年定点试验,同时记录试验点的气象数据,并在此基础上分析了重要生育时期降雨量、气温等气象变化与产量等性状的关系。结果表明,近10年来,长江流域降雨时空分布发生明显变化,全年平均降雨量显著减少。其中播种期降雨增加且波动较大,苗期、花期和成熟期降雨减少趋势明显,角果期降雨较稳定。近10年来长江流域气温发生明显变化,6个油菜主产区的全年平均气温显著上升,播种期和冬季苗期气温下降约2℃,抽薹期和成熟期气温年度间波动剧烈,花期气温上升2℃以上。多元回归分析发现,播种期、花期和角果期降雨量与产量呈显著负相关,10年间导致油菜出现3次显著减产,分别减产达9.6%、12.8%、6.7%。典型相关分析发现,播种期降雨量和苗期平均气温与单株角果数呈显著负相关,与每角粒数、千粒重呈显著正相关;播种期和角果期降雨量,播种期、苗期、抽薹期、花期和角果期平均气温与菌核病发病率呈显著正相关。针对降雨和气温时空变化趋势,建议生产上提高品种耐渍性和耐迟播能力,改善农田排灌能力,强化菌核病等次生灾害防控,最大程度降低渍涝影响,保障油菜高产稳产。
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