Welcome to Acta Agronomica Sinica，

Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 1725-1734.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.91008

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Regulation effects of water and nitrogen on wheat yield and biomass in different precipitation years

RU Xiao-Ya1,LI Guang2,*(),CHEN Guo-Peng2,ZHANG Tong-Shuai2,YAN Li-Juan3,*()   

  1. 1 College of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2 College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2019-01-23 Accepted:2019-06-24 Online:2019-11-12 Published:2019-07-15
  • Contact: Guang LI,Li-Juan YAN E-mail:lig@gsau.edu.cn;yanlj@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560378);The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560343);The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31660348);the Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(18YF1NA070);the Gansu Provincial Higher Education Collaborative Innovation Team Project(2018C-16)

RichHTML358

16

PDF

388

Abstract:

Water and nitrogen are the main factors affecting grain production in the rain-fed agriculture area of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China, but their yield-increasing effects will be affected by the type of precipitation. In this paper, the APSIM model was used to conduct water-nitrogen coupling test based on the meteorological data of the experimental area from 1971 to 2018. The effects of different precipitation years on the variation coefficient and sustainability index of wheat yield and biomass were analyzed. In addition, the relationship between annual yield and nitrogen application rate and precipitation was also discussed. According to the model the wheat yield and biomass determination coefficient R 2 was above 0.90, the D index was above 0.95, and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) was below 15%, indicating that the model has good model fitting and adaptability in the study area. Based on natural conventional rainfall in each year, we explored the optimized combination of water and nitrogen for the three types of annual yields using the binary quadratic regression equation. When the potential yield of wheat in drought year reached 3492.6 kg hm -2, the precipitation increased by 39.73% and the nitrogen consumption was 182.73 kg hm -2; when the potential yield of wheat in flat water year reached 4514.5 kg hm -2, the precipitation increased by 45.26%, the nitrogen consumption was 208.26 kg hm -2; and when the potential yield in wet year reached 4890.3 kg hm -2, the precipitation increased by 46.31%, the amount of nitrogen was 211.15 kg hm -2. Among them, precipitation increased on the basis of the total annual precipitation in that year. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for alleviating wheat drought and nutrient stresses in different precipitation years in the study area, saving fertilizer resources and keeping sustainable development of agriculture.

Key words: precipitation year pattern, APSIM model, biomass, yield

Table 1

Soil parameters"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 田间最大持水量
Drained upper limit (mm mm-1)		 小麦有效
水分下限
Wheat low limit
(mm mm-1)		 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 萎蔫系数
Wilting coefficient (mm mm-1)		 饱和含水量
Saturated moisture
( mm mm-1)		 有机碳
Organic carbon (%)		 铵态氮
NH4-N
(mg kg-1)		 硝态氮
NO3-N
(mg kg-1)
>0-5 0.27 0.09 1.29 0.08 0.46 0.95 6.30 19.10
>5-10 0.27 0.09 1.23 0.08 0.49 0.95 5.20 15.20
>10-30 0.27 0.09 1.32 0.08 0.45 0.96 5.10 23.10
>30-50 0.27 0.09 1.20 0.08 0.50 0.85 4.90 16.60
>50-80 0.26 0.09 1.14 0.09 0.52 0.54 4.60 16.80
>80-110 0.27 0.10 1.14 0.09 0.52 0.26 4.80 18.20
>110-140 0.27 0.11 1.13 0.11 0.48 0.20 4.80 16.40
>140-170 0.27 0.13 1.12 0.13 0.53 0.26 5.80 13.70
>170-200 0.27 0.15 1.11 0.13 0.53 0.20 4.10 15.40

Table 2

Crop parameters"

参数
Parameter		 取值
Value
灌浆到成熟的积温Thermal time start filling to mature 580
春化系数Sensitivity to vernalisation 1
光周期系数Sensitivity to photoperiod 2
最大灌浆速率Maximum grain filling rate 2.30
分蘖重Weight of tiller (g tiller-1) 1.22
单株重Weight of single plant (g) 4
株高Stem length (mm) 1000
播种期地表蒸发系数(土壤) Surface evaporation coefficient (soil) during sowing 7.20
发芽期地表蒸发系数(土壤) Surface evaporation coefficient (soil) during germination 6.20

Table 3

Different precipitation years"

年型
Model year		 平均降水量
Average
precipitation		 变异系数
Variable
coefficient		 合计(年)
Total (year)		 年份
Year
干旱年
Dry year		 136.4 0.19 13 1971 1974 1975 1976 1982 1995 1997 2000
2001 2008 2009 2011 2017
平水年
Normal year		 202.5 0.043 20 1972 1973 1980 1981 1983 1985 1987 1988
1989 1992 1994 1996 2002 2004 2006 2007
2010 2014 2015 2016
湿润年
Wet year		 270.0 0.092 15 1977 1978 1979 1984 1986 1990 1991 1993
1998 1999 2003 2005 2012 2013 2018

Table 4

Water-nitrogen coupling simulation test"

因素Factor N1 N2 N3 N4 N5
P1 P1N1 P1N2 P1N3 P1N4 P1N5
P2 P2N1 P2N2 P2N3 P2N4 P2N5
P3 P3N1 P3N2 P3N3 P3N4 P3N5
P4 P4N1 P4N2 P4N3 P4N4 P4N5
P5 P5N1 P5N2 P5N3 P5N4 P5N5

Fig. 1

Linear regression fitting of simulated and measured values of wheat yield and biomass"

Fig. 2

Comparisons of simulated and observed wheat biomass in 2002-2009"

Fig. 3

Yield and biomass under different years of water and nitrogen treatments"

Table 5

Wheat average coefficient of variation and average sustainability index"

年型Model year Y-CV B-CV Y-SYI B-SYI
干旱年Dry year 54.72 55.97 29.08 27.98
平水年Normal year 54.99 50.94 32.00 28.88
湿润年Wet year 40.85 39.51 55.29 39.58

Fig. 4

Coefficient of variation for wheat yield in different years"

Fig. 5

Sustainability index of wheat yield in different years"

Fig. 6

3D surface map of yield under different years"

[1] 赵凤霞, 温晓霞, 杜世平, 王全虎, 付增光 . 渭北地区残茬(秸秆)覆盖农田生态效应及应用技术实例. 干旱地区农业研究, 2005,23(3):90-95.
Zhao F X, Wen X X, Du S P, Wang Q H, Fu Z G . Ecological effects and applied techniques of stubble mulching in the Weibei area. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2005,23(3):90-95 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[2] 李正鹏, 冯浩, 宋明丹 . 关中平原冬小麦临界氮稀释曲线和氮营养指数研究. 农业机械学报, 2015,46:177-183.
Li Z P, Feng H, Song M D . Critical nitrogen dilution curve and nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat in Guanzhong plain. Trans CSAM, 2015,46:177-183 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[3] 赵智勇, 李秀绒, 柴永峰, 毕红园, 孙来虎, 姚景珍, 席吉龙, 杨帆 . 播期、播量和氮肥对强筋小麦‘运旱618’产量和品质的影响. 中国农学通报, 2016,32(21):28-31.
Zhao Z Y, Li X R, Chai Y F, Bi H Y, Sun L H, Yao J Z, Xi J L, Yang F . Effects of sowing time, seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer on strong gluten wheat ‘Yunhan 618’ grain yield and quality. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2016,32(21):28-31 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[4] 付秋萍 . 黄土高原冬小麦水氮高效利用及优化耦合研究. 中国科学院大学博士学位论文. 北京, 2013.
Fu Q P . Study of Water and Fertilizer Efficient Utilization and Coupling on Winter Wheat of the Loess Plateau. PhD Dissertation of Chinese Academy of Sciences University, Beijing,China, 2013 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[5] 李正鹏, 宋明丹, 冯浩 . 不同降水年型水氮运筹对冬小麦耗水和产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2018,34(18):160-167.
Li Z P, Song M D, Feng H . Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on water consumption and yield of winter wheat in different precipitation years. Trans CSAE, 2018,34(18):160-167 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[6] 刘欢, 陈苗苗, 孙志梅, 刘建涛, 甄文超 . 氮肥调控对小麦/玉米产量、氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响. 华北农学报, 2016,31(1):232-238.
doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.2016.01.037
Liu H, Chen M M, Sun Z M, Liu J T, Zhen W C . Effects of different nitrogen management practice on crop yield, N utilization and N apparent balance in wheat/maize rotation system. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2016,31(1):232-238 (in Chinese with English abstract)
doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.2016.01.037
[7] 李玉山 . 旱作高产田产量波动性和土壤干燥化. 土壤学报, 2001,38:353-356.
Li Y S . Fluctuation of yield on high-yield field and desiccation of the soil on dryland. Acta Pedol Sin, 2001,38:353-356 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] 李广, 黄高宝 . 基于APSIM模型的降水量分配对旱地小麦和豌豆产量影响的研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2010,18:342-347.
Li G, Huang G B . Determination of the effect of precipitation distribution on yield of wheat and pea in dryland using APSIM. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2010,18:342-347 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[9] Guo C L, Zhang L, Zhou X, Zhu Y, Cao W X, Qiu X L, Cheng T, Tian Y C . Integrating remote sensing information with crop model to monitor wheat growth and yield based on simulation zone partitioning. Prec Agric, 2018,19:55-78.
[10] Zhang Y, Feng L P, Wang E L, Wang J, Li B G . Evaluation of the APSIM-Wheat model in terms of different cultivars, management regimes and environmental conditions. Can J Plant Sci, 2012,92:937-949.
[11] 郑成岩, 于振文, 张永丽, 王东, 许振柱 . 不同施氮水平下灌水量对小麦水分利用特征和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011,21:2799-2805.
Zheng C Y, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L, Wang D, Xu Z Z . Effects of irrigation amount on water use characteristics and grain yield of wheat under different nitrogen application rates. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011,21:2799-2805 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] French R J, Schultz J E . Water use efficiency of wheat in a mediterranean-type environment: II. Some limitations to efficiency. Aust J Agric Res, 1984,35:765-775.
[13] 宋明丹, 李正鹏, 冯浩 . 不同水氮水平冬小麦干物质积累特征及产量效应. 农业工程学报, 2016,32(2):119-126.
Song M D, Li Z P, Feng H . Effects of irrigation and nitrogen regimes on dry matter dynamic accumulation and yield of winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2016,32(2):119-126 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[14] 高亚军, 郑险峰, 李世清, 田霄鸿, 王朝辉, 李生秀, 杜建军 . 农田秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦增产的水氮条件. 农业工程学报, 2008,24(1):55-59.
Gao Y J, Zheng X F, Li S Q, Tian X H, Wang C H, Li S X, Du J J . Requirements of water and nitrogenous fertilizer to increase winter wheat yield under straw mulch. Trans CSAE, 2008,24(1):55-59 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[15] 邢会敏, 徐新刚, 冯海宽, 李振海, 杨福芹, 杨贵军, 贺鹏, 陈召霞 . 基于AquaCrop模型的北京地区冬小麦水分利用效率. 中国农业科学, 2016,49:4507-4519.
Xing H M, Xu X G, Feng H K, Li Z H, Yang F Q, Yang G J, He P, Chen Z X . Water use efficiency of winter wheat based on AquaCrop model in Beijing. Sci Agric Sin, 2016,49:4507-4519 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[16] 李广, 黄高宝, William B, 陈文 . APSIM模型在黄土丘陵沟壑区不同耕作措施中的适用性. 生态学报, 2009,29:2655-2663.
Li G, Huang G B, William B, Chen W . Adaptation research of APSIM model under different tillage systems in the Loess hill-gullied region. Acta Ecol Sin, 2009,29:2655-2663 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[17] 李晓州, 郝明德, 赵晶, 王哲, 付威, 刘增照 . 不同降水年型下长期施肥的小麦产量效应. 应用生态学报, 2018,29:3237-3244.
Li X Z, Hao M D, Zhao J, Wang Z, Fu W, Liu Z Z . Effect of long-term fertilization on wheat yield under different precipitation patterns. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2018,29:3237-3244 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[18] Gaydon D S, Singh B, Wang E, Poulton P L . Evaluation of the APSIM model in cropping systems of Asia. Field Crops Res, 2017,204:52-75.
[19] Anuytrecht E, Thorburn P J . Responses to atmospheric CO2 concentrations in crop simulation models: a review of current simple and semicomplex representations and options for model development. Global Change Biol, 2017,23:1806-1820.
[20] Hammer G, Oosterom E V, Mclean G, Chapman S C, Broad I, Harland P, Muchow R C . Adapting APSIM to model the physiology and genetics of complex adaptive traits in field crops. J Exp Bot, 2010,61:2185-2202.
[21] Chimonyo V G P, Modi A T, Mabhaudhi T . Simulating yield and water use of a sorghum-cowpea intercrop using APSIM. Agric Water Manage, 2016,177:317-328.
[22] IPCC. Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. In: Stocker T F, Qin D, Plattner G K, eds. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
[23] 闫丽娟, 罗永忠, 李广, 王琦, 罗珠珠, 高珍妮, 李玥, 燕振刚, 刘强, 聂志刚 . 黄土丘陵区不同耕作措施下春小麦和豌豆轮作水肥协同效应. 草业学报, 2015,24:39-47.
Yan L J, Luo Y Z, Li G, Wang Q, Luo Z Z, Gao Z N, Li Y, Yan Z G, Liu Q, Nie Z G . The synergy effects of water and fertilizer supply on a rational system of spring wheat and peas under different tillage practices in a loess hilly region. Acta Pratacul Sin, 2015,24:39-47 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[24] 任新庄 . 旱地春小麦产量形成对气候变化响应的模拟分析. 甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文. 甘肃兰州, 2017.
Ren X Z . The Simulation Analysis of Spring Wheat Yield Forming to Response of Climate Change. MS Thesis of Gansu agricultural university, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 2017 ( in Chinese with English abstract)
[25] 刘建超, 何建强, 武文杰, 李正鹏, 马海娇, 冯浩 . 水氮管理影响冬小麦品质的CERES-Wheat模型模拟. 农业机械学报, 2018,49:271-278.
Liu J C, He J Q, Wu W J, Li Z P, Ma H J, Feng H . Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer managements on winter wheat quality based on CERES-Wheat model. J Agric Mach, 2018,49:271-278 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[26] Hammer G, Oosterom V E, Mclean G . Adapting APSIM to model the physiology and genetics of complex adaptive traits in field crops. J Exp Bot, 2010,61:2185-2202.
[27] Zhao X, Zhou Y, Min J, Wang S Q, Shi W M, Xing G X . Nitrogen run off dominates water nitrogen pollution from rice-wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake region of China. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2012,156:1-11.
[28] 周英霞, 王全九, 张继红, 谭帅, 何斌 . 基于AquaCrop模型的气候变化对陕西省冬小麦产量影响模拟分析. 水土保持研究, 2018,25:357-364.
Zhou Y X, Wang Q J, Zhang J H, Tan S, He B . Simulation analysis of the impact of climate change on the yield of winter wheat in Shaanxi province based on the AquaCrop model. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2018,25:357-364 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[29] 张冬梅, 池宝亮, 张伟, 李海金, 黄学芳, 刘恩科, 樊修武 . 不同降水年型施肥量对旱地玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响. 西北农业学报, 2012,21:84-90.
Zhang D M, Chi B L, Zhang W, Li H J, Huang X F, Liu E K, Fan X W . Influence of fertilizer application levels on yield and WUE of dryland maize in different precipitation years. Acta Agric Boreali-occident Sin, 2012,21:84-90 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[30] 黄明霞, 王靖, 唐建昭, 房全孝, 张建平, 白慧卿, 王娜, 李扬, 吴冰洁, 郑隽卿, 潘学标 . 基于APSIM模型分析播期和水氮耦合对油葵产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2018,34:134-143.
Huang M X, Wang J, Tang J Z, Fang Q X, Zhang J P, Bai H Q, Wang N, Li Y, Wu B J, Zheng J Q, Pan X B . Analysis of interaction of sowing date, irrigation and nitrogen application on yield of oil sunflower based on APSIM model. Trans CSAE, 2018,34:134-143 (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31] Shen Y F, Li S Q, Shao M A . Effects of spatial coupling of water and fertilizer applications on root growth characteristics and water use of winter wheat. J Plant Nutr, 2013,36:515-528.
[32] 王海江, 崔静, 侯振安, 谢海霞, 龚江, 吕新 . 膜下滴灌棉花水氮耦合对其干物质和水分利用效率的影响. 西北农业学报, 2010,19:76-80.
Wang H J, Cui J, Hou Z A, Xie H X, Gong J, Lyu X . Impact of coupling of water and nitrogen on dry matter and water use efficiency of cotton under plastic mulching by drip irrigation. Acta Agric Boreali-occident Sin, 2010,19:76-80 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[1] WANG Dan, ZHOU Bao-Yuan, MA Wei, GE Jun-Zhu, DING Zai-Song, LI Cong-Feng, ZHAO Ming. Characteristics of the annual distribution and utilization of climate resource for double maize cropping system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(6): 1437-1450.
[2] WANG Wang-Nian, GE Jun-Zhu, YANG Hai-Chang, YIN Fa-Ting, HUANG Tai-Li, KUAI Jie, WANG Jing, WANG Bo, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, FU Ting-Dong. Adaptation of feed crops to saline-alkali soil stress and effect of improving saline-alkali soil [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(6): 1451-1462.
[3] YAN Jia-Qian, GU Yi-Biao, XUE Zhang-Yi, ZHOU Tian-Yang, GE Qian-Qian, ZHANG Hao, LIU Li-Jun, WANG Zhi-Qin, GU Jun-Fei, YANG Jian-Chang, ZHOU Zhen-Ling, XU Da-Yong. Different responses of rice cultivars to salt stress and the underlying mechanisms [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(6): 1463-1475.
[4] YANG Huan, ZHOU Ying, CHEN Ping, DU Qing, ZHENG Ben-Chuan, PU Tian, WEN Jing, YANG Wen-Yu, YONG Tai-Wen. Effects of nutrient uptake and utilization on yield of maize-legume strip intercropping system [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(6): 1476-1487.
[5] CHEN Jing, REN Bai-Zhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG Ji-Wang. Regulation of leaf-spraying glycine betaine on yield formation and antioxidation of summer maize sowed in different dates [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(6): 1502-1515.
[6] LI Yi-Jun, LYU Hou-Quan. Effect of agricultural meteorological disasters on the production corn in the Northeast China [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(6): 1537-1545.
[7] SHI Yan-Yan, MA Zhi-Hua, WU Chun-Hua, ZHOU Yong-Jin, LI Rong. Effects of ridge tillage with film mulching in furrow on photosynthetic characteristics of potato and yield formation in dryland farming [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1288-1297.
[8] YAN Xiao-Yu, GUO Wen-Jun, QIN Du-Lin, WANG Shuang-Lei, NIE Jun-Jun, ZHAO Na, QI Jie, SONG Xian-Liang, MAO Li-Li, SUN Xue-Zhen. Effects of cotton stubble return and subsoiling on dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake, and yield of cotton in coastal saline-alkali soil [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1235-1247.
[9] KE Jian, CHEN Ting-Ting, WU Zhou, ZHU Tie-Zhong, SUN Jie, HE Hai-Bing, YOU Cui-Cui, ZHU De-Quan, WU Li-Quan. Suitable varieties and high-yielding population characteristics of late season rice in the northern margin area of double-cropping rice along the Yangtze River [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(4): 1005-1016.
[10] LI Rui-Dong, YIN Yang-Yang, SONG Wen-Wen, WU Ting-Ting, SUN Shi, HAN Tian-Fu, XU Cai-Long, WU Cun-Xiang, HU Shui-Xiu. Effects of close planting densities on assimilate accumulation and yield of soybean with different plant branching types [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(4): 942-951.
[11] WANG Lyu, CUI Yue-Zhen, WU Yu-Hong, HAO Xing-Shun, ZHANG Chun-Hui, WANG Jun-Yi, LIU Yi-Xin, LI Xiao-Gang, QIN Yu-Hang. Effects of rice stalks mulching combined with green manure (Astragalus smicus L.) incorporated into soil and reducing nitrogen fertilizer rate on rice yield and soil fertility [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(4): 952-961.
[12] DU Hao, CHENG Yu-Han, LI Tai, HOU Zhi-Hong, LI Yong-Li, NAN Hai-Yang, DONG Li-Dong, LIU Bao-Hui, CHENG Qun. Improving seed number per pod of soybean by molecular breeding based on Ln locus [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(3): 565-571.
[13] CHEN Yun, LI Si-Yu, ZHU An, LIU Kun, ZHANG Ya-Jun, ZHANG Hao, GU Jun-Fei, ZHANG Wei-Yang, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang. Effects of seeding rates and panicle nitrogen fertilizer rates on grain yield and quality in good taste rice cultivars under direct sowing [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(3): 656-666.
[14] YUAN Jia-Qi, LIU Yan-Yang, XU Ke, LI Guo-Hui, CHEN Tian-Ye, ZHOU Hu-Yi, GUO Bao-Wei, HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. Nitrogen and density treatment to improve resource utilization and yield in late sowing japonica rice [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(3): 667-681.
[15] DING Hong, XU Yang, ZHANG Guan-Chu, QIN Fei-Fei, DAI Liang-Xiang, ZHANG Zhi-Meng. Effects of drought at different growth stages and nitrogen application on nitrogen absorption and utilization in peanut [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(3): 695-703.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Add: No.12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081,China Email:xbzw@chinajournal.net.cn
Supported by Beijing Magtech Co.Ltd