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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 845-855.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24092

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Impacts of long-term fertilization on post-anthesis leaf senescence, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield in sorghum

WANG Jin-Song1(), BAI Ge1, ZHANG Yan-Hui1, SHEN Tian-Yu2, DONG Er-Wei1, JIAO Xiao-Yan1,*()   

  1. 1College of Resources & Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in Preparation), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2022-04-13 Accepted:2022-07-21 Online:2023-03-12 Published:2022-08-19
  • Contact: JIAO Xiao-Yan E-mail:jinsong_wang@126.com;xiaoyan_jiao@126.com
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-06-14.5-A20);State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture (in preparation), Shanxi Agricultural University(202001-8)

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Abstract:

Post-anthesis delayed leaf senescence and stay-green leaf phenotype are typically associated with the increasing yield, which offers the potential to increase crop resilience to drought stress. Retarded leaf senescence is beneficial to maintain cereal yield adaptability and stability. Many different management approaches, including fertilization, can modulate leaf senescence as well. The impacts of different long-term fertilization treatments on sorghum post-anthesis leaf senescence, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the yield were explored in 2020 and 2021 in this study. There were five treatments, which included chemical fertilizers of NPK (NPK), NPK plus manure (NPKM), NPK plus manure and straw returning (NPKMS), manure plus straw returning (MS), and fertilizer withdrawn (CK). Fertilizer application enhanced green leaf area per plant, SPAD reading and specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) compared with the control. Compared with NPK, the treatments of NPKM, NPKMS along with MS delayed post-anthesis attenuation of leaf area per plant and enhanced the values of SPAD and SLN in spite of the similar N application for NPK and MS. The treatments of NPK, NPKM, NPKMS, and MS increased antioxidant activities of SOD, POD, and CAT conjugate with a decreasing MDA content compared with the control. Among those, higher antioxidant enzymes activities and lower MDA content were induced by NPKM, NPKMS, and MS than NPK. In conclusion, NPKM, NPKMS, and MS promoted sorghum grain yield due to the increased grain number per panicle. Therefore, long-term application of manure combined with straw returning can not only replace chemical fertilizer but also delay leaf senescence, which leading to high grain yield in sorghum.

Key words: sorghum, fertilization, post-anthesis, leaf senescence, antioxidant enzyme activities

Table 1

Soil chemical characteristics in 2020 and 2021"

年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 有效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)
2020 NPK 0.80 8.77 144.63 15.09
NPKM 1.12 52.93 265.20 22.63
NPKMS 1.34 55.97 288.08 25.89
MS 1.25 47.47 264.33 22.08
CK 0.69 6.33 109.18 13.45
2021 NPK 0.78 7.20 141.45 14.96
NPKM 1.17 57.00 283.73 24.42
NPKMS 1.37 57.67 292.48 29.71
MS 1.29 53.43 279.25 23.46
CK 0.62 5.57 98.21 13.01

Table 2

Input of N, P2O5, and K2O of five treatments in 2020 and 2021"

投入量
N, P2O5, and K2O input
(kg hm-2)		 2020 2021
NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK
无机肥投入
Chemical fertilizer
(kg hm-2)		 N 225.00 225.00 225.00 — — 225.00 225.00 225.00 — —
P2O5 75.00 75.00 75.00 — — 75.00 75.00 75.00 — —
K2O 75.00 75.00 75.00 — — 75.00 75.00 75.00 — —
秸秆投入
Straw (kg hm-2)		 N — — 45.65 47.46 — — — 29.76 25.50 —
P2O5 — — 8.36 8.69 — — — 9.40 8.06 —
K2O — — 142.89 148.53 — — — 147.78 126.64 —
有机肥投入
Manure (kg hm-2)		 N — 119.53 119.53 119.53 — — 108.76 108.76 108.76 —
P2O5 — 105.85 105.85 105.85 — — 102.79 102.79 102.79 —
K2O — 132.22 132.22 132.22 — — 122.28 142.80 122.28 —
总投入
Total (kg hm-2)		 N 225.00 344.53 390.18 166.98 — 225.00 333.76 363.52 134.26 —
P2O5 75.00 180.85 189.21 140.91 — 75.00 177.79 187.19 130.34 —
K2O 75.00 207.22 350.11 289.44 — 75.00 197.28 365.58 261.76 —

Fig. 1

Daily precipitation during sorghum growth period in 2020 and 2021"

Table 3

Effects of different fertilizations on grain yield and yield components in sorghum"

年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 穗粒重
Grain weight per panicle
(g)		 穗粒数
Grains per panicle		 收获指数Harvest index
2020 NPK 8489.65 c 27.35 b 76.84 b 2809.74 b 0.49 b
NPKM 9283.55 b 27.93 b 78.57 b 2814.75 b 0.50 ab
NPKMS 10,080.85 a 27.28 b 82.85 a 3036.88 a 0.50 ab
MS 9940.75 a 28.64 b 82.83 a 2895.45 ab 0.52 a
CK 5877.65 d 32.32 a 51.64 c 1595.96 c 0.48 b
2021 NPK 9018.30 c 28.43 b 76.16 b 2679.92 c 0.52 b
NPKM 10,073.00 b 28.38 b 81.91 a 2886.80 a 0.53 b
NPKMS 10,323.50 a 28.37 b 81.86 a 2886.67 a 0.52 b
MS 10,303.50 a 29.93 a 82.42 a 2785.32 b 0.54 a
CK 5322.95 d 30.31 a 44.54 c 1269.96 d 0.47 c

Fig. 2

Effects of different fertilizations on above ground biomass after anthesis in sorghum Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate that different fertilizations are significant differences among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level at the same time."

Fig. 3

Effects of different fertilizations on green leaf area per plant after anthesis Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate that different fertilizations are significant differences among the treatments at the 0.05 probability level at the same time."

Table 4

Attenuation dynamics of leaf area per plant after anthesis under different fertilization treatments"

处理
Treatment		 2020年花后叶面积衰减率
Leaf area reduction rate days after anthesis in 2020 (%)		 2021年花后叶面积衰减率
Leaf area reduction rate days after anthesis in 2021 (%)
5-40 d 40-60 d 5-60 d 10-20 d 20-30 d 30-40 d 40-50 d 10-50 d
NPK 24.40 42.63 56.63 17.45 15.27 17.17 17.19 52.02
NPKM 7.60 27.45 32.96 13.41 11.57 17.16 17.79 47.85
NPKMS 17.64 23.58 37.06 12.19 6.42 21.27 16.10 45.72
MS 22.60 10.37 30.62 16.94 12.15 17.93 16.04 49.72
CK 21.65 43.54 55.76 19.10 15.60 17.05 36.54 64.06

Fig. 4

Effects of different fertilizations on leaf SPAD values at different positions after anthesis in sorghum Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 5

Effects of different fertilizations on leaf SLN at different positions after anthesis in sorghum (g m-2)"

叶片部位
Leaves position		 2020 2021
花后天数
Days after anthesis		 NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK 花后天数
Days after anthesis		 NPK NPKM NPKMS MS CK
上部
Upper		 5 d 8.72 c 12.96 a 12.09 ab 10.63 b 4.08 d 10 d 10.10 b 11.38 ab 11.43 ab 11.53 a 6.01 c
40 d 3.84 ab 5.31 a 6.06 a 4.70 a 1.88 b 40 d 5.75 b 6.66 ab 7.62 a 6.76 ab 2.94 c
60 d 4.76 b 6.05 ab 7.05 a 7.08 a 2.76 c 50 d 7.54 a 8.19 a 7.69 b 8.44 a 3.00 c
中部
Middle		 5 d 9.85 c 14.71 ab 15.50 a 12.55 b 5.14 d 10 d 10.21 b 11.04 a 11.87 a 12.12 a 5.76 c
40 d 5.07 b 5.67 ab 6.37 a 5.37 ab 2.34 c 40 d 3.57 b 5.57 a 6.41 a 6.52 a 2.23 c
60 d 6.61 b 10.73 a 10.04 a 10.83 a 3.21 c 50 d 5.42 b 7.99 a 7.91 b 8.83 a 2.17 c
下部
Lower		 5 d 7.66 b 10.36 a 11.01 a 10.24 a 4.57 c 10 d 7.71 b 8.92 b 8.19 ab 9.72 a 4.26 c
40 d 4.98 a 3.87 a 4.91 a 4.13 a 2.87 a 40 d 3.27 c 4.35 b 5.55 a 3.42 c —
60 d — — — — — 50 d — — — — —

Table 6

Effects of different fertilizations on antioxidant enzymes activities of leaves at different positions"

处理
Treatment		 SOD (U g-1 FW) POD (U g-1 FW min-1) CAT (U g-1 FW min-1) MDA (nmol g-1 FW)
上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower		 上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower		 上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower		 上部
Upper		 中部
Middle		 下部
Lower
NPK 429.94 b 318.29 a 230.69 a 855.50 bc 84.85 bc 1695.83 bc 83.89 c 84.33 bc 73.56 b 68.02 b 69.32 ab 36.49 a
NPKM 490.06 ab 399.26 a 305.52 a 1063.67 a 112.42 a 1966.50 a 118.00 b 84.33 bc 136.56 a 62.67 b 53.30 bc 13.57 b
NPKMS 553.93 a 426.63 a 327.27 a 972.17 ab 92.22 b 1828.83 b 181.67 a 119.89 a 95.04 ab 58.43 b 42.07 c 4.72 c
MS 562.38 a 359.91 a 175.70 a 935.17 abc 104.45 ab 1349.67 c 121.78 b 95.89 ab 88.00 ab 62.50 b 42.38 c 3.37 c
CK 337.19 c 262.89 a 149.70 a 758.22 c 65.67 c 783.78 d 53.22 d 55.56 c 65.93 b 121.61 a 79.03 a 34.00 a
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