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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12): 3107-3117.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41010

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on winter wheat yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency

KANG Xiu-Li1(), MA Ai-Ping1,*(), JING Hua1, ZHAO Yu-Kun1,*(), CUI Huan-Hu1, XI Ji-Long2, HUANG Xue-Fang3   

  1. 1Wheat Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen 041000, Shanxi, China
    2Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng 044000, Shanxi, China
    3Organic Dry Farming Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2024-02-05 Accepted:2024-08-15 Online:2024-12-12 Published:2024-08-27
  • Contact: *E-mail: mapinglflf@163.com; E-mail: tykzhao@163.com;
  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Innovation Enhancement Project of Shanxi Agricultural University(CXGC2023055);National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFD1901102-4);High-Quality Development of Specialty Agriculture Project of Shanxi Agricultural University(TYGC23-21);Independent R&D Project of State Key Laboratory of Organic Dry Farming(202001-6);National Agri-Environmental Yaodu Experimental Station Program(NAES-AE-016)

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Abstract:

To clarify the influence of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on winter wheat yield, water, and nitrogen use efficiency, we conducted an experiment with four treatments in irrigated wheat fields in southern Shanxi: normal micro-sprinkling irrigation (S0), micro-sprinkling limited irrigation (S1), excessive micro-sprinkling irrigation (S2), and flood irrigation (F0). We analyzed the different performance rules in farmland soil water storage and consumption, yield component factors, plant nitrogen distribution, and water and nitrogen utilization under these different irrigation levels. The results showed that soil pondage in the 0-200 cm layer under excessive irrigation (F0 and S2) was significantly higher than under normal micro-sprinkling irrigation (S0) and micro-sprinkling limited irrigation (S1), with no significant difference between S0 and S1. Soil pondage increased with increasing irrigation amounts in all treatments, with the 0-100 cm soil pondage being lower than the 100-200 cm pondage. The percentage of 0-200 cm soil water consumption relative to total water consumption during the winter wheat growth period ranged from 8.95% to 48.48% under the four irrigation treatments, decreasing with increasing irrigation amounts. The peak of 0-200 cm soil water consumption was observed in the S1 treatment, while the peak of irrigation water consumption was in the F0 treatment. The deeper 100-200 cm soil water consumption in the F0 and S2 treatments was significantly lower than in S0 and S1. The spike number of the yield components under excessive irrigation treatments (F0 and S2) were significantly lower than those in S0 and S1, while the 1000-grain weight was higher in F0 and S2. The ranks of winter wheat grain yield in different irrigation treatments were S0, S1, S2, and F0. There was no significant difference between S0 and S1; however, the yields of both treatments were significantly higher than those of F0 and S2. Water use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat decreased with increasing irrigation amounts, with the WUE in the micro-sprinkling limited irrigation (S1) treatment being 1.39 to 7.36 kg hm-2 mm-1 higher than in the other treatments. The nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of the S1 treatment were 1.64% and 1.91% higher than those of the normal micro-sprinkling irrigation (S0) treatment, while nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity was slightly lower. The nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity in the S0 and S1 treatments was significantly higher than in F0 and S2. The nitrogen apparent surplus amount in the S1 treatment was 2.46% to 21.01% lower than in the other treatments, while the nitrogen accumulation in the seeds of the S1 treatment was 3.64% to 31.39% higher. In summary, micro-sprinkling limited irrigation can promote water uptake in deeper soil layers and grain nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat, optimize irrigation patterns, and improve water use and nitrogen uptake efficiency. This irrigation pattern is characterized by stable production and high efficiency, significantly reducing soil nitrogen surplus and the risk of inorganic nitrogen downward leaching. Thus, it promotes the sustainable and healthy development of water-saving agriculture.

Key words: micro-sprinkling limited irrigation, yield, water use efficiency, N fertilizer partial productivity, N apparent surplus

Table 1

Irrigation amount at different growth stages of wheat under different irrigation treatments (mm)"

处理
Treatment		 越冬期
Over-wintering		 拔节期
Jointing		 开花期
Flowering		 灌浆期
Grain filling		 总灌水量
Total irrigation amount
S1 20 30 30 20 100
S2 40 50 60 50 200
S0 30 40 50 40 160
F0 90 90 90 90 360
灌水时间Irrigation time 2021-2022 11/29 03/10 04/03 05/14
(month/day) 2022-2023 12/03 03/08 04/03 05/15

Fig. 1

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on the water content of 0-200 cm soil layer in wheat fields PS: presowing stage; OW: over-wintering; J: jointing; GF: grain filling; M: maturation."

Table 2

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on the water consumption of 0-200 cm soil layer in wheat fields"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 土壤水耗水
Soil water consumption		 降水耗水
Precipitation consumption		 灌溉耗水
Irrigation consumption
0-100 cm (mm) 100-200 cm
(mm)		 0-200 cm
(mm)		 占比
Proportion
(%)		 降水量Precipitation
(mm)		 占比
Proportion
(%)		 灌溉水量
Irrigation
(mm)		 占比
Proportion
(%)
2021-2022 S1 133.85 a 70.95 a 204.80 a 48.48 117.60 27.84 100.00 23.67
S2 104.63 c 54.69 b 159.32 c 33.41 117.60 24.66 200.00 41.94
S0 114.73 b 71.35 a 186.08 b 40.13 117.60 25.36 160.00 34.51
F0 77.24 d 18.41 c 95.65 d 16.69 117.60 20.51 360.00 62.80
2022-2023 S1 90.32 b 41.30 a 131.62 a 28.23 234.60 50.32 100.00 21.45
S2 96.81 a 3.99 c 100.80 c 18.83 234.60 43.82 200.00 37.36
S0 92.95 b 23.37 b 116.32 b 22.77 234.60 45.92 160.00 31.32
F0 55.44 c 2.99 c 58.43 d 8.95 234.60 35.92 360.00 55.13

Table 3

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on yield components and water use efficiency"

年份/处理
Year/
treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains
per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 贮水量Water storage (mm) 总耗水
Total water consumption
(mm)		 水分利用效率
Water use
efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
播前
Presowing		 收获
Harvest
2021-2022
S1 516.67 b 26.51 a 39.49 c 8119.91 a 561.87 357.07 d 422.40 d 19.22 a
S2 477.78 d 23.40 b 40.45 b 7555.73 b 561.87 402.55 b 476.92 b 15.84 c
S0 595.56 a 23.93 b 39.35 c 8259.61 a 561.87 375.79 c 463.68 c 17.81 b
F0 483.71 c 23.50 b 42.08 a 7033.76 c 561.87 506.22 a 533.25 a 13.19 d
2022-2023
S1 517.34 b 26.12 c 41.49 b 8819.36 a 503.71 b 372.09 d 466.22 d 18.92 a
S2 428.00 c 28.83 ab 42.81 a 8312.69 b 511.37 a 410.57 b 535.40 b 15.53 c
S0 531.34 a 24.44 d 38.95 c 8954.36 a 497.36 b 381.04 c 510.92 c 17.53 b
F0 338.67 d 27.41 bc 42.25 ab 7546.02 c 512.12 a 453.69 a 653.03 a 11.56 d

Table 4

Correlation coefficients between the water consumption in each soil layer and yield components of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments"

年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021-2022 0-100 0.4369 0.7922 -0.9272 0.8516
100-200 0.6217 0.5379 -0.9961** 0.9558*
0-200 0.5155 0.5959 -0.9779* 0.9112
2022-2023 0-100 0.7892 -0.1572 -0.2817 0.8194
100-200 0.8172 -0.6482 -0.4683 0.9713*
0-200 0.9509 -0.4696 -0.4414 0.8476

Table 5

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on N distribution in various organs of winter wheat plants"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素积累量N accumulation (kg hm-2) 分配比例Distribution proportion (%)
籽粒
Grain		 穗轴+颖壳
Spike axis
and glume		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
Stem
and sheath		 籽粒
Grain		 穗轴+颖壳
Spike axis
and glume		 叶
Leaf		 茎鞘
Stem
and sheath
2021-2022 S1 183.39 a 12.35 c 8.01 c 26.77 b 79.55 5.36 3.47 11.61
S2 161.42 c 15.60 a 9.76 b 29.24 a 74.72 7.22 4.52 13.54
S0 176.07 b 13.11 b 8.22 c 27.93 b 78.14 5.82 3.65 12.40
F0 140.53 d 16.85 a 11.64 a 30.12 a 70.57 8.46 5.85 15.13
2022-2023 S1 152.09 a 10.33 c 6.22 c 21.20 d 80.11 5.44 3.28 11.17
S2 127.14 c 12.52 b 7.17 b 25.37 b 73.83 7.27 4.16 14.73
S0 147.62 b 10.12 c 6.43 c 23.16 c 78.80 5.40 3.43 12.36
F0 114.80 d 17.34 a 10.24 a 27.08 a 67.74 10.23 6.04 15.98

Table 6

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on N use efficiency of winter wheat"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素吸收效率
N uptake efficiency (kg kg-1)		 氮素收获指数
N harvest index		 氮肥偏生产力
N fertilizer partial productivity (kg kg-1)
2021-2022 S1 1.02 a 0.80 a 36.09 a
S2 0.96 bc 0.75 c 33.58 b
S0 1.00 ab 0.78 b 36.71 a
F0 0.89 c 0.71 d 31.26 c
2022-2023 S1 0.84 a 0.80 a 39.20 a
S2 0.77 b 0.74 b 36.95 b
S0 0.83 a 0.79 a 39.80 a
F0 0.75 b 0.68 c 33.54 c

Table 7

Effects of micro-sprinkling limited irrigation on soil apparent N surplus and deficiency in wheat field"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素输入N input (kg hm-2) 氮素输出N output (kg hm-2) 表观盈余
Apparent surplus
(kg hm-2)
土壤起始氮
Initial N		 施氮量
N application		 土壤残留氮
N residue		 小麦吸收氮
N uptake by wheat
2021-2022 S1 217.40 225.00 163.26 c 230.52 a 48.62 d
S2 217.40 225.00 172.08 b 216.02 c 54.30 b
S0 217.40 225.00 165.13 c 225.33 b 51.94 c
F0 217.40 225.00 181.71 a 199.14 d 61.55 a
2022-2023 S1 283.52 c 225.00 247.25 c 189.84 a 71.43 b
S2 286.08 b 225.00 258.23 b 172.20 b 80.65 a
S0 285.17 bc 225.00 249.61 c 187.33 a 73.23 b
F0 288.45 a 225.00 262.12 a 169.46 c 81.87 a
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