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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12): 3096-3106.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.42017

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of side-deep fertilization on yield formation and nitrogen absorption of high-quality early indica rice under precision sowing in line and machine planting

JIANG Da-Ren1(), XIONG Ruo-Yu1, WU Jia-Qing1, MAO Fu-Qin1, FENG Jun-Jie1, TAO Lei1, XIE Xiao-Bing1, PAN Xiao-Hua1, ZENG Yong-Jun1, WANG Ya-Liang2, ZENG Yan-Hua1,*()   

  1. 1Jiangxi Agricultural University / Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University / Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Bio-breeding and High-Efficient Production, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
    2China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311401, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2024-03-18 Accepted:2024-08-15 Online:2024-12-12 Published:2024-09-03
  • Contact: *E-mail: zyh74049501@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301303);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272212);Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20232ACB205011);Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20202ACBL215004);Jiangxi Agricultural University Young Research and Innovation Team(JXAUCXTD004)

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Abstract:

As a major grain crop in China, the efficient cultivation of rice is essential to ensure national food security. Side-deep fertilization and precision drill sowing technology are key measures to improve the efficiency of mechanized rice cultivation. This study aims to elucidate the effects of side-deep fertilization on rice yield formation, rice quality, and nitrogen absorption under precision drill sowing and machine planting, providing a theoretical basis for mechanized high-quality rice cultivation in the southern rice region. In 2022-2023, field experiments were conducted using the Wufengyou 286 rice cultivar. The experiments included two factors: mechanical seeding and raising (precision drill sowing (PS) and broadcast sowing (BS)), and fertilization method (side-deep fertilization (SF) and conventional surface fertilization (CK)). The effects of different treatments on seedling quality, machine transplanting quality, yield formation, nitrogen absorption, and rice quality of high-quality early indica rice were investigated. (1) The yield of precision drill sowing with side-deep fertilization was significantly the highest. Compared with conventional surface fertilization, side-deep fertilization increased rice grain yield by 9.97%-19.62%. Compared with broadcast sowing, precision drill sowing increased rice grain yield by 4.32%-6.29%, primarily due to improvements in the effective panicle number and uniformity of the machine-transplanted population. (2) Precision drill sowing significantly improved the quality of seedlings, reducing the missing hill percentage of machine transplanting by 5.6%-6.0%, and improving the uniformity of seedling number transplanted per hill by 22.0%-33.0%. (3) Both side-deep fertilization and precision drill sowing improved the number of tillers at the tillering peak stage. These methods also increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area index during the rice growing period.Side-deep fertilization, compared with conventional fertilization, increased dry matter accumulation at maturity by 15.71%-18.08% and leaf area index by 19.15%-20.78%. Precision drill sowing, compared with broadcast sowing, increased dry matter accumulation at maturity by 4.56%-7.42% and leaf area index by 8.08%-9.88%. (4) During the middle and late rice growth stages (panicle initiation to maturity), precision drill sowing with side-deep fertilization increased nitrogen accumulation. Side-deep fertilization, compared with conventional fertilization, increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity by 22.66%-28.24%. Precision drill sowing, compared with broadcast sowing, increased nitrogen accumulation at maturity by 7.97%-11.76%. (5) Compared with conventional fertilization, side-deep fertilization significantly reduced the chalky grain rate by 10.63%-20.41%, chalkiness by 13.63%-19.62%, and amylose content by 8.08%-10.42%, but increased protein content by 10.98%-11.25%. In conclusion, side-deep fertilization under precision drill sowing and machine planting can improve seedling quality, machine transplanting quality, rice tillering and panicle formation, growth and development, and nitrogen absorption, thereby increasing the yield of high-quality early indica rice. Additionally, while the appearance quality of rice was improved, the protein content of rice was also increased.

Key words: mechanized transplanting, side deep fertilization, precision drilling sowing, early indica rice, yield, nitrogen absorption

Fig. 1

Seed distribution of precision drill and broadcast sowing PS: precision drill sowing; BS: broadcast sowing."

Table 1

Effect of side deep fertilization on yield and its components under precision sowing in line & machine planting"

年份
Year		 施肥方式Fertilization method 播种育秧方式
Sowing method		 有效穗数
Effective panicle
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Grains per
spike		 结实率
Seed-setting rate
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
2022 SF PS 398.1 a 133.3 a 75.7 a 24.7 a 9.45 a
BS 379.6 b 135.7 a 77.0 a 24.6 a 9.08 b
CK PS 351.9 c 129.0 a 77.2 a 24.9 a 7.92 c
BS 333.3 d 131.9 a 75.5 a 24.8 a 7.57 d
2023 SF PS 407.4 a 129.3 a 80.5 a 24.4 a 9.55 a
BS 385.8 b 130.0 a 79.7 a 24.5 a 9.09 b
CK PS 367.3 c 130.1 a 79.5 a 24.5 a 8.18 c
BS 336.4 d 130.3 a 79.2 a 24.6 a 7.59 d
方差分析
ANOVA		 Y * * ** * *
F ** ns ns ns **
S ** ns ns ns **
Y×F ns * ns ns ns
Y×S ns ns ns ns ns
F×S ns ns ns ns ns
Y×F×S ns ns ns ns ns

Table 2

Effects of different sowing methods on seedling quality"

年份
Year		 播种育秧
方式
Sowing method		 叶龄
Leaf age		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 平均根长
Average root
length
(cm plant-1)		 根数
Root number
(plant-1)		 茎叶干重
Stem and leaf
dry weight
(g plant-1)		 根干重
Root dry weight
(g plant-1)		 茎基宽
Stem base width
(cm)
2022 PS 3.5 a 18.1 a 5.9 a 10.1 a 0.4 a 0.06 a 0.32 a
BS 3.3 b 16.1 b 5.0 b 9.7 b 0.3 b 0.04 b 0.24 b
2023 PS 3.6 a 17.7 a 6.8 a 11.7 a 0.5 a 0.07 a 0.34 a
BS 3.4 b 16.4 b 5.6 b 10.3 b 0.4 b 0.06 b 0.27 b
方差分析ANOVA Y ** ns ** ** * * **
S ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Y×S ns ns ns ** ns ns ns

Table 3

Effects of different sowing methods on the quality of machine transplanting"

年份
Year		 播种育秧方式
Sowing method		 漏秧率
Missing hill percent (%)		 机插苗数均匀度
ESNT
2022 PS 4.7 b 54.3 a
BS 10.3 a 44.5 b
2023 PS 5.3 b 60.2 b
BS 11.3 a 45.1 a
方差分析
ANOVA		 Y ns ns
S ** **
Y×S ns ns

Fig. 2

Effects of side deep fertilization on tillering dynamics and productive tiller percentage under precision sowing in line & machine planting Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. A, B are tillering dynamics of different treatments in 2022 and 2023, respectively; C, D are productive tiller percentage of different treatments in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the same growth stage at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 3

Effect of side deep fertilization on leaf area index under the precision sowing in line & machine planting Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. A, B are leaf area index of different treatments in 2022 and 2023, respectively. TS: tillering stage; PI: panicle initiation stage; HS: heading stage; MS: maturity stage. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the same growth stage at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Effect of side deep fertilization on dry matter accumulation under precision sowing in line & machine planting Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3; treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. A, B are dry matter accumulation of different treatments in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the same growth stage at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Effect of side deep fertilization on nitrogen absorption under precision sowing in line & machine planting Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 3. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. A, B are the nitrogen accumulation of different treatments in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Values are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the same growth stage at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 4

Effect of side deep fertilization on rice quality under precision sowing in line & machine planting (%)"

年份
Year		 施肥方式Fertilization method 播种育秧
方式
Sowing method		 糙米率
BRR		 精米率
MRR		 整精米率
HRR		 垩白粒率
CR		 垩白度
CD		 直链淀粉
含量
AC		 蛋白质含量
PC
2022 SF PS 80.1 a 64.4 a 51.1 a 13.1 b 4.1 b 13.5 b 8.66 a
BS 80.2 a 64.3 a 52.9 a 13.8 b 4.5 b 13.8 b 8.46 a
CK PS 79.8 a 65.1 a 50.1 a 15.0 a 5.3 a 14.7 a 7.67 b
BS 79.9 a 64.9 a 51.4 a 15.1 a 5.4 a 15.0 a 7.56 b
2023 SF PS 78.4 a 66.2 a 53.1 a 9.3 b 2.9 b 14.0 b 8.77 a
BS 79.1 a 64.6 a 52.3 a 9.8 b 2.8 b 13.5 b 8.54 a
CK PS 78.2 a 65.1 a 52.6 a 11.7 a 3.2 a 15.2 a 7.89 b
BS 77.6 a 65.8 a 53.7 a 12.3 a 3.4 a 15.5 a 7.67 b
方差分析
ANOVA		 Y ** ns ns ** ** * ns
F ns ns ns ** ** ** **
S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Y×F ns ns ns ns * ns ns
Y×S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
F×S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
Y×F×S ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
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