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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 943-957.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44167

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Evaluation of mechanical properties of peanut pods and screening of early maturing germplasm

CHI Xiao-Yuan1(), BI Jing-Nan1, ZHAO Jian-Xin1,2, CHEN Na1, PAN Li-Juan1, JIANG Xiao1, YIN Xiang-Zhen1, ZHAO Xu-Hong1, MA Jun-Qing1, XU Jing1,*()   

  1. 1Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
    2College of Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
  • Received:2024-09-30 Accepted:2024-12-12 Online:2025-04-12 Published:2024-12-18
  • Contact: E-mail: xu_jing_cool@yeah.net
  • About author:First author contact:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Fund of Shangdong Province(ZR2021QC172);Natural Science Fund of Shangdong Province(ZR2023QC146);Major Scientific and Technological Project in Xinjiang(2022A02008-3);Taishan Scholars Program(tstp20240523);Taishan Scholars Program(tsqn202312292);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-13);Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2024LZGC035);Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province (Action Plan to Boost Scientific and Technological Innovation in Rural Revitalization)(2022TZXD0031);Innovation Project of SAAS(CXGC2023F20);Innovation Project of SAAS(CXGC2024F20);Key Laboratory of Digital Upland Crops of Zhejiang Province(2022E10012);Open Project of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(KF2024007)

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Abstract:

The mechanical properties of peanut pods are critical reference indicators for mechanized harvesting, and selecting early-maturing varieties is a key strategy to meet market demand and improve agricultural production efficiency. In this study, we measured and analyzed peg strength, pod rupture force, and maturity rates in 499 peanut germplasm resources from around the world. The results revealed wide variation in peg strength (3.55-15.54 N), with the peg strength of mature pods (7.13 N) in 265 varieties being greater than that of immature pods (6.99 N). Significant or highly significant differences in peg strength across different maturity stages were observed in 38 materials. The force required to detach the plant from its petiole (7.51 N) was higher than that required to detach the pod from its petiole (7.11 N), with 48 peanut germplasm resources showing significantly or highly significantly higher plant-petiole detachment forces. Significant differences in pod rupture force were detected across three orientations: the lowest rupture force occurred when pods were positioned vertically, and the highest when positioned laterally. Peg strength was most strongly correlated with pod-petiole detachment force (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). Principal component analysis extracted four main factors related to mechanical properties, with a cumulative contribution rate of 63.83%. Multiple regression analysis identified pod-petiole detachment force, pod-petiole detachment ratio, pod layer thickness, peg strength of immature pods, and plant-petiole detachment force as the main factors influencing peg strength. Ultimately, 16 germplasm resources with early maturity and superior pod mechanical properties were identified. This study provides valuable insights for the development of early-maturing peanut varieties well-suited for mechanized harvesting.

Key words: peanut, pod mechanical properties, peg strength, pod rupture force, maturity

Table 1

Mean of copies, peg strength, pod rupture force, and maturing rate of germplasms from different geographical origins"

地理分布
Geographic
distribution		 份数
No. accessions		 果柄强度a
Peg strengtha
(N)		 正压破壳力b
Transverse
pressureb (N)		 侧压破壳力c
Lateral
pressurec (N)		 立压破壳力d
Vertical
pressured (N)		 成熟率e
Maturing ratee (%)
美国
USA		 259 6.63 41.01 43.33 29.43 62.23
日本
Japan		 1 7.82 41.85 46.20 31.16 88.00
澳大利亚
Australia		 1 8.88 40.45 45.34 26.58 28.33
中国China 北方North 211 7.56 41.13 43.93 28.77 80.88
南方South 27 7.87 38.32 42.60 28.65 80.91

Table 2

Mean and variation of peg strength, maturing rate, ratio of pod-petiole dropping, seed-setting range, peg length in different peanut genetic resources"

性状Trait 均值±标准差 Mean ± SD 变幅Range
果柄强度 Peg strength (N) 7.10 ± 1.91 3.55-15.54
成熟荚果果柄强度 Mature pods peg strength (N) 7.13 ± 2.02 3.49-15.97
未熟荚果果柄强度Immature pods peg strength (N) 6.99 ± 2.29 1.35-17.45
果-柄脱落力 Pod-petiole dropping force (N) 7.11 ± 1.96 3.67-15.73
秧-柄脱落力 Plant-petiole dropping force (N) 7.51 ± 2.45 1.57-20.96
成熟率 Maturing rate (%) 71.10 ± 0.21 0-100.00
果-柄脱落百分率 Ratio of pod-petiole dropping (%) 84.90 ± 0.10 20.00-100.00
正压破壳力 Transverse pressure (N) 53.64 ± 8.04 30.69-80.90
侧压破壳力 Lateral pressure (N) 58.23 ± 8.80 31.94-87.72
立压破壳力 Vertical pressure (N) 38.97 ± 6.78 21.56-68.68
荚果层高度 Pod layer height (cm) 10.60 ± 2.35 5.88-21.17
荚果层厚度 Pod layer thickness (cm) 10.72 ± 1.17 7.42-14.17
果柄长度 Peg length (cm) 5.18 ± 0.95 2.91-8.58

Fig. 1

Analysis of peg strength in different peanut genetic resources A: grades of peg strength in peanut genetic resources; B: distribution of peg strength in 499 peanut genetic resources; C: significance of peanut peg strength during four years; D: distribution of pod dropping force in 499 peanut genetic resources, the red triangle indicates the significant difference between the two nodes; E: ratio of pod-petiole dropping in 499 peanut genetic resources; F: distribution of peg strength of mature and immature pods in 499 peanut genetic resources in four years, the red triangle indicates the significant difference between the two type of peanuts; G: gomparison of peg strength of germplasms from different countries; H: comparison of peg strength of germplasms from different geographical origins. ns indicates no significant difference at the 0.05 level; * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 probability level; ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 probability level."

Fig. 2

Maturing rate in different peanut genetic resources A: variation in maturity rates of peanut germplasm resources in 2020-2023; B: significance analysis of peg strength at different maturity rates at two fracture nodes of 499 peanut germplasm; C: comparison of maturity rates of germplasms from different countries; D: comparison of maturity rates of germplasms from different geographical origins. E: 499 peanut germplasm maturity rates in 2020-2023; F: coefficient of variation of the proportion of peanut germplasm maturity rate in 2020-2023. ns indicates no significant difference at the 0.05 level; * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 probability level; ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 probability level."

Fig. 3

Pod rupture force and seed-setting range in different peanut genetic resources A: distribution of pod rupture force in different directions; B: comparison of pod rupture force in different directions; C: seed-setting range in different peanut genetic resources; D: peg length in different peanut genetic resources; E: comparison of pod rupture force of germplasms from different countries; F: comparison of pod rupture force of germplasms from different geographical origins; G: pod rupture force of different peanut germplasm materials in different directions in 2020-2023; H: seed-setting range in different peanut genetic resources in 2020-2023; I: peg length in different peanut genetic resources in 2020-2023. ns indicates no significant difference at the 0.05 level; * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 probability level; ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 probability level."

Table 3

Principal component analysis of mechanical property in different peanut genetic resources"

性状
Trait		 主成分Principal component
1 2 3 4
果柄强度 Peg strength (N) 0.89 −0.17 0.17 0.05
成熟荚果果柄强度 Mature pods peg strength (N) 0.75 −0.10 −0.07 0.02
未熟荚果果柄强度 Immature pods peg strength (N) 0.72 −0.08 0.06 −0.03
果-柄脱落力 Pod-petiole dropping force (N) 0.89 −0.19 0.16 0.06
秧-柄脱落力 Plant-petiole dropping force (N) 0.23 −0.09 −0.15 −0.72
成熟率 Maturing rate (%) 0.48 0.03 −0.27 0.48
果-柄脱落百分率 Ratio of pod-petiole dropping (%) −0.35 0.43 −0.24 0.41
正压破壳力 Transverse pressure (N) 0.19 0.83 0.24 −0.09
侧压破壳力 Lateral pressure (N) 0.20 0.81 0.08 0
立压破壳力 Vertical pressure (N) 0.26 0.70 0.20 −0.19
荚果层高度 Pod layer height (cm) −0.42 −0.11 0.65 −0.13
荚果层厚度 Pod layer thickness (cm) 0.13 0 0.68 0.23
果柄长度 Peg length (cm) −0.21 −0.30 0.62 0.15
特征值 Eigenvalue 3.45 2.22 1.58 1.05
贡献率 Contribution rate (%) 26.54 17.04 12.15 8.10
累计贡献率 Accumulative contribution rate (%) 26.54 43.58 55.73 63.83

Fig. 4

Correlation analysis among different traits T1-T13 represent peg strength, immature pods peg strength, mature pods peg strength, pod-petiole dropping force, plant-petiole dropping force, maturing rate, ratio of pod-petiole dropping, transverse pressure, lateral pressure, vertical pressure, pod layer height, pod layer thickness, and peg length, respectively. *, **, and *** indicates significant correlation at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively."

Table 4

Huayu series of high-quality, early-maturing peanut varieties"

品种名称Variety 成熟率Maturing rate (%) 果柄强度Peg strength (N)
花育20号 Huayu 20 87.04 5.83
花育915 Huayu 915 95.00 11.10
花育918 Huayu 918 96.67 7.27
花育60 Huayu 60 81.67 7.96
花育55号 Huayu 55 86.00 5.06
花育611 Huayu 611 85.00 8.96
花育24号 Huayu 24 83.33 7.87
花育612 Huayu 612 85.00 9.30
花育919 Huayu 919 86.44 5.81
花育912 Huayu 912 90.00 7.96
花育30号 Huayu 30 86.00 8.66
花育17号 Huayu 17 96.67 5.84
花育23号 Huayu 23 80.39 5.93
花育26号 Huayu 26 86.21 5.80
花育29号 Huayu 29 96.67 8.02
花育34号 Huayu 34 81.67 5.26
花育38号 Huayu 38 82.05 10.26
花育911 Huayu 911 89.36 10.31
花育9120 Huayu 9120 85.45 9.24
花育9122 Huayu 9122 85.00 9.58
鲁花14号 Luhua 14 85.00 9.73

Table 5

Elite peanut genetic resources with excellent pod mechanical properties and early maturing"

品种名称
Variety		 果柄强度
Peg strength (N)		 荚果破壳力
Pod rupture force (N)		 成熟率
Maturing rate (%)
日花4号 Rihua 4 6.03 31.04 81.82
花育661 Huayu 661 7.55 28.79 91.67
冀9814 Ji 9814 8.53 31.43 88.33
花育30号 Huayu 30 8.66 28.41 86.00
DUS88 8.26 27.75 88.33
驻20150 Zhu 20150 7.15 28.15 86.67
豫花9326 Yuhua 9326 8.21 34.42 83.33
泉0806 Quan 0806 7.47 32.44 95.00
花育962 Huayu 962 8.51 30.97 93.33
DUS217 7.51 32.93 96.61
冀花13 Jihua 13 7.35 29.25 90.00
花育912 Huayu 912 7.96 27.02 90.00
青农引进资源16 Qingnongyinjinziyuan 16 7.66 26.43 81.36
花育60 Huayu 60 7.96 31.95 81.67
DUS152 8.38 23.30 82.22
青农引进资源10 Qingnongyinjinziyuan 10 7.30 28.61 84.75
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