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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (11): 2920-2933.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11109

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of soil water deficit and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on leaf photosynthesis of winter wheat

ZHENG Yun-Pu1(), CHANG Zhi-Jie1, HAN Yi1, LU Yun-Ze2, CHEN Wen-Na2, TIAN Yin-Shuai2, YIN Jia-Wei2, HAO Li-Hua1,3,*()   

  1. 1School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, Hebei, China
    2School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, Hebei, China
    3College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2021-12-03 Accepted:2022-03-25 Online:2022-11-12 Published:2022-04-21
  • Contact: HAO Li-Hua E-mail:zhengyunpu@hebeu.edu.cn;haolihua_000@sina.com
  • Supported by:
    The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071608);The Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2020402026);The Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2021402031)

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Abstract:

To understand the mechanisms of agricultural ecosystem structure and function in response to soil water deficit under future elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, we examined the effects of soil water deficit and elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the stomatal traits, leaf photosynthesis, water use efficiency as well as Rubisco activity and gene expression of winter wheat with environmental growth chambers, whereby the [CO2] was controlled accurately with CO2 sensors. Our results showed that water deficit significantly decreased the plant biomass and net photosynthesis rates (Pn) of winter wheat by 33% and 29%, whereas elevated [CO2] partially mitigated the negative effects of water deficit on plant growth and physiological processes of winter wheat. Meanwhile, water deficit also reduced the stomatal width and regularity of stomatal distribution pattern on winter wheat leaves, but higher [CO2] could optimize the leaf gas exchange efficiency with more regular distribution pattern of stomata. Moreover, elevated [CO2] not only enhanced the Pn of winter wheat plants under water deficit, but also substantially reduced the transpiration rates (Tr) by 25%, and thus elevated [CO2] increased the water use efficiency by 61% when winter wheat plants subjected to water deficit. In addition, elevated [CO2] boosted the initial activity and activation state of Rubisco as well as soluble protein content by 66%, 38%, and 15%, and meanwhile significantly enhanced the gene expression levels of RbcL3 and RbcS2 by 453% and 417%, respectively. These results suggested that elevated [CO2] may optimize leaf gas exchange through modifying stomatal traits as well as the activity and gene express of Rubisco, and thus increased plant biomass, Pn, and water use efficiency to efficiently alleviate the physiological stress of water deficit on growth and development processes of winter wheat. Our findings may not only provide data for further understanding the impacts of water deficit on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat under elevated [CO2], but also have important significance for adaptation management of agricultural ecosystems under global change.

Key words: water deficiency, doubling CO2 concentration, winter wheat, stomatal traits, photosynthetic performance, Rubisco gene expression

Fig. 1

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf area (a) and plant biomass (b) of winter wheat Different letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 and the same letters indicate nonsignificant difference among treatments at P > 0.05."

Table 1

Interactive effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf area and plant biomass of winter wheat"

处理因素 Treatment 叶面积 Leaf area 植株生物量 Plant biomass
CO2浓度 CO2 concentration ([CO2]) 0.371 0.117
水分 Watering <0.001 <0.001
[CO2]×水分 [CO2] × Watering 0.005 0.199

Table 2

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on the stomatal morphology of winter wheat"

气孔形态特征
Stomatal morphology		 叶面
Leaf surface		 对照
Control		 水分亏缺
Water deficit		 [CO2]升高
e[CO2]		 水分亏缺×[CO2]升高
Water deficit × e[CO2]		 P值
P-value
气孔密度
Stomatal density		 近轴面Adaxial 51.1±1.2 b 61.1±2.0 a 64.8±2.6 a 60.1±2.3 a <0.001
远轴面Abaxial 29.3±1.2 c 32.5±0.8 bc 40.3±2.3 a 34.7±0.8 b <0.001
气孔长度
Stomatal length (μm)		 近轴面Adaxial 40.4±1.2 a 38.9±2.0 a 38.0±0.5 a 40.3±1.4 a 0.402
远轴面Abaxial 37.0±1.1 b 38.9±1.0 ab 39.4±1.6 ab 42.5±0.9 a 0.076
气孔宽度
Stomatal width (μm)		 近轴面Adaxial 4.1±0.2 b 4.8±0.2 a 3.6±0.1 c 3.5±0.1 c <0.001
远轴面Abaxial 4.2±1.5 a 4.3±0.4 a 4.2±1.0 a 3.5±0.3 a 0.338
气孔周长
Stomatal perimeter (μm)		 近轴面Adaxial 85.2±2.5 a 82.5±3.8 a 79.3±1.2 a 83.9±2.8 a 0.337
远轴面Abaxial 78.3±2.5 b 82.3±2.0 ab 83.4±3.6 ab 88.8±1.7 a 0.163
气孔面积
Stomatal area (μm2)		 近轴面Adaxial 167.4±15.6 a 191.4±13.0 a 129.5±6.1 b 129.1±6.2 b 0.002
远轴面Abaxial 146.4±20.0 a 167.9±8.0 a 173.7±18.2 a 146.9±3.6 a 0.521
气孔形状指数
Stomatal shape index (%)		 近轴面Adaxial
远轴面Abaxial		 0.15±0.012 b 0.17±0.003 a 0.14±0.007 bc 0.14±0.009 c <0.001
0.15±0.006 a 0.16±0.002 a 0.15±0.003 a 0.14±0.003 b 0.011

Table 3

Interactive effects of watering and [CO2] on morphological traits of stomata on winter wheat leaves"

气孔形态特征
Stomatal morphology		 气孔密度
Stomatal density		 气孔长度
Stomatal length		 气孔宽度
Stomatal width		 气孔周长
Stomatal perimeter		 气孔面积
Stomatal area		 形状指数
Shape
index
CO2浓度 CO2 concentration ([CO2]) <0.001 0.198 0.001 0.377 0.028 <0.001
水分 Watering 0.547 0.118 0.715 0.164 0.662 0.866
叶面 Leaf surface <0.001 0.984 0.904 0.816 0.677 0.964
[CO2]×水分 [CO2] × Watering <0.001 0.184 0.019 0.288 0.086 <0.001
[CO2]×叶面 [CO2] × Leaf surface 0.909 0.061 0.065 0.049 0.013 0.042
水分×叶面 Watering × Leaf surface 0.107 0.255 0.178 0.354 0.489 0.054
[CO2]×水分×叶面 [CO2] × Watering × Leaf surface 0.230 0.479 0.741 0.466 0.568 0.984

Fig. 2

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on distribution pattern of stomata on the adaxial (a) and abaxial (b) surfaces of winter wheat leaves The upper 95% means the upper boundary of the 95% confidence envelope, the lower 95% means the lower boundary of the 95% confidence envelope. CK indicates Control, D indicates drought, ED indicates elevated [CO2] and drought, as well as E indicates elevated [CO2]."

Fig. 3

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf gas exchange of winter wheat Different letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 and the same letters indicate nonsignificant difference among treatments at P > 0.05."

Table 4

Interactive effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf gas exchange of winter wheat"

气体交换
Gas exchange		 净光合速率
Pn		 蒸腾速率
Tr		 气孔导度
Gs		 瞬时水分利用率
WUEI		 暗呼吸速率
Rd		 细胞间[CO2]
Ci
CO2浓度 CO2 concentration ([CO2]) 0.071 0.143 0.044 <0.001 0.211 0.278
水分 Watering 0.008 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
[CO2]×水分 [CO2] × Watering 0.369 0.071 0.019 0.567 0.275 0.144

Table 5

Interactive effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in winter wheat leaves"

处理因素
Treatment		 果糖
Fructose		 蔗糖
Sucrose		 葡萄糖
Glucose		 可溶性糖
Soluble sugars		 淀粉
Starch		 非结构性碳水化合物
Total NSC
CO2浓度 CO2 concentration ([CO2]) 0.001 <0.001 0.098 0.256 0.293 0.499
水分 Watering 0.352 0.098 0.001 0.877 0.618 0.526
[CO2]×水分 [CO2] × Watering 0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.028 0.944

Fig. 4

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on nonstructural carbohydrates in winter wheat leaves Different letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 and the same letters indicate nonsignificant difference among treatments at P > 0.05."

Table 6

Interactive effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf C and N contents as well as C/N in winter wheat leaves"

处理因素
Treatment		 C含量
Carbon content		 N含量
Nitrogen content		 C/N
C/N ratio
CO2浓度 CO2 concentration ([CO2]) 0.004 0.055 0.151
水分 Watering 0.308 0.841 0.904
[CO2]×水分 [CO2] × Watering 0.443 0.293 0.438

Fig. 5

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf C and N contents as well as C/N ratio in winter wheat leaves Different letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 and the same letters indicate nonsignificant difference among treatments at P > 0.05."

Fig. 6

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on the Rubisco activity and soluble protein of winter wheat"

Fig. 7

Effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on the gene expression of winter wheat Different letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05 and the same letters indicate nonsignificant difference among treatments at P > 0.05."

Fig. 8

Possible processes and mechanisms for the combined effects of water deficit and elevated [CO2] on leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and water use in winter wheat[19]"

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