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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1425-1436.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12029

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Difference and molecular mechanism of soluble sugar metabolism and quality of different rice panicle in japonica rice

ZHENG Xiao-Long1,2(), ZHOU Jing-Qing3, BAI Yang4, SHAO Ya-Fang2, ZHANG Lin-Ping2, HU Pei-Song1,2, WEI Xiang-Jin2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, China
    2China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
    3Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
    4Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Engineering Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2021-04-26 Accepted:2021-10-19 Online:2022-06-12 Published:2021-11-25
  • Contact: WEI Xiang-Jin E-mail:zhengxiaolonglj@126.com;weixiangjin@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAASZDRW202011)

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Abstract:

This study investigated the mechanism of starch and rice quality differences on different parts of spikelet in japonica rice. According to the internodes of the primary stem on main panicle, rice grains on the panicles were divided into top, middle, and the bottom spikelets. The dynamic changes of soluble carbohydrate and starch, starch biosynthesis related enzyme activity, gene expression on different parts of panicles at different filling stage and the starch content, chalkiness degree after harvest of six varieties were measured. The results showed that the amylose content of the five varieties was in an order as top > middle > bottom except Xiushui 134. The chalkiness degree of Jia 58 and Zhongjia 8 was higher than the other varieties, and the chalkiness degree of rice grains on the middle part of panicles was lower than that on the bottom part, and the rice grains on the top part had the highest chalkiness degree. Rice grains of high chalkiness degree had significant difference in starch granules size and shape. We found that the shape of starch granules was semi-ellipsoid or other spherical curved in rice grains with high chalkiness degree and mostly regular polyhedra in rice grains with low chalkiness degree. The contents of sucrose, glucose, and fructose in grains of different varieties and parts were different during grain filling period, but the dynamic changes of sucrose content were first decreased and then slightly increased, while glucose and fructose were basically increased first and then decreased. The contents of invertase and AGPase were significantly different among rice grains on top, middle, and bottom parts of panicles. However, the relative expression levels of AGPase were in an order as top > middle > bottom during the whole filling stage. The relative expression levels of invertase were in an order as top < middle < bottom during the early filling stage, and the rule was completely the opposite at late filling stage. The expression levels of OsCIN2 and OsCIN5 encoding sucrose invertase genes were in an order as middle > bottom > top, and the expression levels of OsAGPL1, OsAGPL2, and OsAGPS1a encoding AGPase genes were in an order as top > middle ≈ bottom. It concluded that the amylose content and chalkiness degree of grains in different panicles had significant difference and also affected by varieties. The content of soluble carbohydrate, starch biosynthesis related enzyme activity, and the gene expression of encoding related enzymes had an effect on starch biosynthesis. The genes of OsCIN2, OsCIN5, OsAGPL1, OsAGPL2, and OsAGPS1a played an important role in the difference of starch content and chalkiness degree in different panicles.

Key words: rice, different spikelet of the grain, chalkiness degree, amylase content, soluble carbohydrate, enzymic activity

Fig. 1

Pattern diagram of conventional japonica rice panicle structure 1-10: the order of branch from top to bottom on rice panicle; TS: all the grains on the three top spikelets; BS: all the grains on the three lower spikelets; MS: all the grains on the remaining middle spikelets."

Table 1

Sequence of special primers used for qRT-PCR amplification of 20 genes of enzymes involving in starch synthesis"

基因名称
Gene name		 正向引物序列
Forward sequence (5'-3')		 反向引物序列
Reserve sequence (5'-3')
AGPL1 CATCAAGGACGGGAAGGTCA ACTTCACTCGGGGCAGCTTA
AGPL2 CTGAGGAAGAGGTGCTTTGG TCTTTCGGGAGGATTGTGTC
AGPS2a AGAATGCTCGTATTGGAGAAAATG GGCAGCATGGAATAAACCAC
AGPS2b AGTAGTGGGACTCCGGTCCT ATGCCACCTTTTTCACCAAG
BEI GGCATTGCACTCCAAAAGAT GCTCCAGTTGTTGCCTTCTC
BEIIa GCCAATGCCAGGAAGATGA GCGCAACATAGGATGGGTTT
BEIIb ATGCTAGAGTTTGACCGC AGTGTGATGGATCCTGCC
GBSS1 TCCGAGAGGTTCAGGTCATC ATGAGCTCCTCGGCGTAGTA
GBSS2 AAACGGGCTCTGAAGCAGTA CTCCTCCCACTTCTTTGCAG
ISA1 TGCTCAGCTACTCCTCCATCATC AGGACCGCACAACTTCAACATA
ISA2 TAGAGGTCCTCTTGGAGG AATCAGCTTCTGAGTCACCG
OsCIN2 GACACGGACATCACCAACG ACAAGGGGGCATGATTTAGC
OsCIN5 CTGATCCTTTTGACCCTTCC TGTGTTGCTCTCTTGTTTCC
OsVIN2 CAATGGAAGATGATGAATGG CATGTATAAAAGGGACTCTGC
SSI TCATGGATGTGAAGGAGCAA TGGCAGTGAACCACAAACAT
SSIIa GATCGACCAGGATGACGATT GGGTAAAGCACCTGCAACAT
SSIIc CGTGGCCCATTAGATGACTT CAGTAAGCAAACGGTCAGCA
Susy1 AATGGTATCCTCCGCAAGTG GGCTTGCATTTCCCTCATAA
Susy2 GCTGAAGGACAGGAACAAGC CACCACAGACAACCACAAGG
Susy3 CATGTACCCCCTGCTCAACT GTCAGCTGTAATGCCTGCAA

Fig. 2

Chalkiness and starch in different parts of panicles TS: top spikelet; MS: middle spikelet; BS: bottom spikelet. J58: Jia 58; J67: Jia 67; Z99: Zhejing 99; X121: Xiushui 121; X134: Xiushui 134; Z8: Zhongjia 8. (a): the chalkiness degree of different parts in six varieties; (b): chalky sample of J58 and X134, (c) and (d) represent the content of amylase and total starch, respectively. Different letters indicate significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 3

Scanning electron microscopic images of rice grain cross-section obtained by breaking treatment (a-c): scanning electron microscopic images of rice grain cross-section obtained by breaking treatment of the top, middle, and bottom spikelets of J58, respectively; (d-f): scanning electron microscopic images of rice grain cross-section obtained by breaking treatment of the top, middle, and bottom spikelets of X134, respectively. Bar: 3 μm."

Fig. 4

Dynamic changes and differences of soluble sucrose in different parts of panicles WAFH: week after full heading; Different letters indicate significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 5

Dynamic changes and differences of soluble glucose and fructose in different parts of panicles WAFH: week after full heading; Different letters indicate significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 6

Differences of amylose and amylopectin in different parts of panicles WAFH: week after full heading. Different letters indicate significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 7

Differences of enzymes activities related to starch synthesis in different parts of panicles TS-2W: the top spikelet in the 2th week of full heading; MS-2W: the middle spikelet in the 2th week of full heading; BS-2W: the bottom spikelet in the 2th week of full heading; TS-5W: the top spikelet in the 5th week of full heading; MS-5W: the middle spikelet in the 5th week of full heading; BS-5W: the bottom spikelet in the 5th week of full heading. Different letters indicate significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 8

Relative expression patterns of rice starch synthesis genes SUSy1, SUSy2, and SUSy3 are amylosynthease genes; OsCIN2, OsCIN5, and OsNIN2 are Starch invertase genes; AGPL1, AGPL2, AGPs1a, and AGPs1b are ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) genes; ISA1 and ISA2 are isoamylase type starch debranching enzyme (DBE) genes; BEI, BEIIa, and BEIIb are starch branching enzyme genes; GBSS1 and GBSS2 are granule-bound starch synthase genes; SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIc are starch synthase genes. All the data are shown as means ± SDs from three replicates. Different letters indicate significantly different at the 0.05 probability level."

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