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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 1437-1450.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13022

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of the annual distribution and utilization of climate resource for double maize cropping system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River

WANG Dan1,2(), ZHOU Bao-Yuan1, MA Wei1, GE Jun-Zhu3, DING Zai-Song1, LI Cong-Feng1, ZHAO Ming1,*()   

  1. 1Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
    2Institute of Maize Science, Tongliao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tongliao 028042, Inner Mongolia, China
    3College of Agronomy &Resource and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • Received:2021-03-15 Accepted:2021-10-19 Online:2022-06-12 Published:2021-11-20
  • Contact: ZHAO Ming E-mail:wangdansyau@126.com;zhaoming@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-12);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300207)

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Abstract:

Clarifying the characteristics of annual yield, distribution, and utilization of climatic resources, and establishing rational quantitative indexes of annual climatic resource distribution are helpful to provide theoretical basis for establishing the double maize cropping system. In this study, to analyze the annual grain yield, biomass, and distribution and utilization efficiency of climate resource of double maize cropping system with different variety collocation, the experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2017 at Wuxue, Hubei province. The distribution and utilization of climatic resource of different variety collocation was different. The accumulative temperature and radiation distribution rate of HM in the first season and annual were significantly higher than the other variety collocation, but on the contrary in the second season. The accumulative temperature and radiation distribution rate for the first season of HM was 49% and 52%, respectively. The accumulative temperature and radiation distribution rate for the second season of HM was 46% and 44%. The accumulative ratio of temperature and radiation between two seasons of HM was 1.1 and 1.2. The precipitation distribution rate of two seasons and annual among the four variety collocations were no significantly different. The difference of the accumulative temperature and radiation among different variety collocations resulted in the changes of grain yield and biomass. Because of a high matching degree between the distribution of climatic resource and the growth demand of maize in HM. The annual grain yield and total biomass of HM were significantly higher than those of the MM, MH, and LH, with an average increase of 8.4%-24.5% and 9.7%-29.6%, respectively. The annual accumulative temperature and radiation, radiation use efficiency of grain, and total biomass of HM were significantly higher than those of the MM, MH, and LH, with an average increase of 2.9%-14.3% in the annual accumulative temperature production efficiency, 5.5%-18.4% in the annual radiation production efficiency, 0.05%-0.16% and 0.16%-0.39% increase in the radiation use efficiency of grain and total biomass, respectively. Considering both yield and resource use efficiency, HM can be used as the best variety collocation for high yield and high efficiency of double maize system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. Furthermore, this is helpful to extend double maize cropping system, optimize the layout of planting patterns, provide theoretical basis and important support the sustainable development of agricultural production.

Key words: double maize cropping system, variety collocation, resource distribution, yield, resource use efficiency

Fig. 1

Daily mean temperature, precipitation, and radiation during maize growing seasons from 2015 to 2017"

Fig. 2

Sketch of maize sowing with ditch-degeneration"

Table 1

Varieties and dates of sowing and maturity for maize in double maize cropping system"

搭配模式
Combination		 品种及有效积温
Variety and GDD		 播期
Sowing date (month/day)		 成熟期
Maturity date
(month/day)
第一季
First season		 第二季
Second season		 第一季
First season		 第二季
Second season		 第一季
First season		 第二季
Second season
低+高LH 兴垦6 Xingken 6 1299℃ 浚单22 Xundan 22 1479℃ 3/8 7/7 7/7 11/3
德美亚2号Demeiya 2 1282℃ 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 1479℃
中+中MM 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 1434℃ 吉祥1 Jixiang 1 1441℃ 3/8 7/16 7/16 11/4
吉单27 Jidan 27 1365℃ 联创3 Lianchuang 3 1437℃
中+高MH 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 1434℃ 浚单22 Xundan 22 1479℃ 3/8 7/16 7/16 11/9
吉单27 Jidan 27 1365℃ 郑单958 Zhengdan 958 1479℃
高+中HM 荃玉9号Quanyu 9 1515℃ 吉祥1 Jixiang 1 1441℃ 3/8 7/23 7/23 11/1
仲玉3号Zhongyu 3 1520℃ 联创3 Lianchuang 3 1437℃

Fig. 3

Grain yield of suitable combinations in double maize cropping system from 2015 to 2017 LH: the low GDD variety-high GDD variety; MM: the medium GDD variety-medium GDD variety; MH: the medium GDD variety-high GDD variety; HM: the high GDD variety-medium GDD variety. The lowercase letters showed the compassion for the first and the second season significant at the 0.05 probability level, the capital letters showed the compassion for the sum of the first and the second season significant at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Dry matter of suitable combinations in double maize cropping system from 2015 to 2017 LH: the low GDD variety-high GDD variety; MM: the medium GDD variety-medium GDD variety; MH: the medium GDD variety-high GDD variety; HM: the high GDD variety-medium GDD variety. The lowercase letters showed the compassion for the first and the second season significant at the 0.05 probability level, the capital letters showed the compassion for the sum of the first and the second season significant at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 2

Distribution of accumulated temperature in different collocation modes from 2015 to 2017"

年份
Year		 组合
Combination		 第一季First season 第二季Second season 周年Annual
积温量
AT (℃)		 分配率
TDR (%)		 积温量
AT (℃)		 分配率
TDR (%)		 积温量
AT (℃)		 两季比
TR
2015 LH 2358 43 2626 47 4984 0.9
MM 2536 46 2604 47 5140 1.0
MH 2536 46 2690 49 5227 0.9
HM 2676 48 2635 48 5311 1.0
2016 LH 2329 42 2652 47 4981 0.9
MM 2575 46 2631 47 5206 1.0
MH 2575 46 2666 48 5242 1.0
HM 2770 49 2533 45 5302 1.1
2017 LH 2301 41 3005 54 5306 0.8
MM 2575 46 2644 48 5219 1.0
MH 2575 46 2702 49 5277 1.0
HM 2815 51 2545 46 5360 1.1
平均值
Mean		 LH 2329 c 42 c 2761 a 50 a 5090 c 0.8 c
MM 2562 b 46 b 2626 bc 47 bc 5189 b 1.0 b
MH 2562 b 46 b 2686 b 48 b 5248 b 1.0 b
HM 2753 a 49 a 2571 c 46 c 5324 a 1.1 a

Table 3

Distribution of solar radiation in different collocation modes from 2015 to 2017"

年份
Year		 组合
Combination		 第一季First season 第二季Second season 周年Annual
辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)		 分配率
RDR (%)		 辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)		 分配率
RDR (%)		 辐射量
Ra (MJ m-2)		 两季比
RR
2015 LH 1438 43 1652 49 3090 0.9
MM 1529 46 1624 48 3153 0.9
MH 1529 46 1645 49 3174 0.9
HM 1597 48 1613 48 3211 1.0
2016 LH 1488 43 1709 50 3198 0.9
MM 1649 48 1622 47 3271 1.0
MH 1649 48 1630 47 3279 1.0
HM 1779 52 1537 45 3316 1.2
2017 LH 1650 46 1709 48 3359 1.0
MM 1795 50 1549 43 3344 1.2
MH 1795 50 1598 45 3394 1.1
HM 1998 56 1451 41 3449 1.4
平均值
Mean		 LH 1525 c 44 c 1690 a 49 a 3215 b 0.9 c
MM 1658 b 48 b 1598 b 48 b 3256 b 1.0 b
MH 1658 b 48 b 1625 b 46 b 3282 ab 1.0 b
HM 1792 a 52 a 1534 c 44 c 3325 a 1.2 a

Table 4

Distribution of precipitation in different collocation modes for 2015 to 2017"

年份
Year		 组合
Combination		 第一季First season 第二季Second season 周年Annual
降雨量
Pr (mm)		 分配率
PDR (%)		 降雨量
Pr (mm)		 分配率
PDR (%)		 降雨量
Pr (mm)		 两季比
PR
2015 LH 455 62 166 22 621 2.7
MM 460 62 182 25 642 2.5
MH 460 62 234 32 695 2.0
HM 472 64 233 32 705 2.0
2016 LH 1061 63 414 25 1475 2.6
MM 1170 70 389 23 1560 3.0
MH 1170 70 404 24 1574 2.9
HM 1206 72 401 24 1607 3.0
2017 LH 687 63 446 41 1133 1.5
MM 763 70 281 26 1044 2.7
MH 763 70 281 26 1044 2.7
HM 763 70 281 26 1044 2.7
平均值
Mean		 LH 734 a 63 b 342 a 30 a 1076 a 2.3 b
MM 798 a 68 a 284 a 25 b 1082 a 2.8 a
MH 798 a 68 a 306 a 27 ab 1104 a 2.5 ab
HM 814 a 69 a 305 a 27 ab 1119 a 2.6 a

Fig. 5

Relationship between maize grain yield and climatic factors in the two seasons from 2015 to 2017 A, B, C: relationship between maize grain yield and climatic factors in the first season; D, E, F: relationship between maize grain yield and climatic factors in the second season; L: the low GDD variety; M: the medium GDD variety; H: the high GDD variety. *: P = 0.05; **: P = 0.01."

Table 5

Production efficiency of accumulated temperature, radiation, and precipitation in different combinations of double maize cropping system from 2015 to 2017"

年份
Year		 组合
Combination		 温度生产效率
Production efficiency of AT
(kg hm-2 °C-1)		 光能生产效率
Production efficiency of Ra
(g MJ-1)		 降水生产效率
Production efficiency of Pr
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
第一季
First season		 第二季
Second season		 周年
Annual		 第一季
First season		 第二季
Second season		 周年
Annual		 第一季
First season		 第二季
Second season		 周年
Annual
2015 LH 3.56 4.55 4.08 0.58 0.72 0.66 18.4 71.9 32.7
MM 3.86 4.55 4.21 0.64 0.73 0.69 21.3 65.2 33.7
MH 3.86 4.44 4.16 0.64 0.73 0.68 21.3 51.1 31.3
HM 3.97 4.50 4.23 0.66 0.73 0.70 22.5 50.8 31.9
2016 LH 2.16 2.83 2.52 0.34 0.44 0.39 4.7 18.1 8.5
MM 2.14 3.46 2.80 0.33 0.56 0.45 4.7 23.4 9.4
MH 2.14 3.32 2.74 0.33 0.54 0.44 4.7 21.9 9.1
HM 2.23 3.47 2.83 0.36 0.64 0.49 5.3 24.5 10.1
2017 LH 2.98 2.40 2.65 0.42 0.42 0.42 10.0 16.2 12.4
MM 2.97 3.55 3.26 0.43 0.61 0.51 10.0 33.4 16.3
MH 2.97 3.31 3.14 0.43 0.56 0.49 10.0 31.8 15.9
HM 3.09 3.95 3.50 0.44 0.69 0.54 11.4 35.7 18.0
平均值
Mean		 LH 2.90 c 3.26 c 3.08 c 0.44 b 0.53 c 0.49 c 11.1 a 35.4 a 17.9 a
MM 2.99 b 3.85 b 3.42 b 0.47 a 0.63 b 0.55 b 12.0 a 40.7 a 19.8 a
MH 2.99 b 3.69 b 3.35 b 0.47 a 0.61 b 0.54 b 12.0 a 34.9 a 18.8 a
HM 3.10 a 3.97 a 3.52 a 0.49 a 0.69 a 0.58 a 13.1 a 37.0 a 20.0 a

Table 6

Comparison of light energy use efficient in different combinations from 2015 to 2017 (%)"

年份
Year		 组合
Combination		 籽粒光能利用效率
Radiation use efficiency of grain		 总生物量光能利用效率
Radiation use of efficiency of total biomass
第一季
First
season		 第二季
Second
season		 周年
Annual		 第一季
First
season		 第二季
Second
season		 周年
Annual
2015 LH 1.05 1.31 1.19 1.82 2.06 1.95
MM 1.16 1.32 1.24 2.09 2.09 2.09
MH 1.16 1.31 1.24 2.09 2.07 2.08
HM 1.20 1.33 1.26 2.18 2.22 2.20
2016 LH 0.61 0.79 0.71 1.39 1.39 1.39
MM 0.60 1.01 0.81 1.76 1.58 1.67
MH 0.60 0.98 0.79 1.76 1.57 1.66
HM 0.66 1.15 0.89 1.83 1.82 1.83
2017 LH 0.75 0.76 0.76 1.44 1.53 1.49
MM 0.77 1.10 0.92 1.73 1.91 1.82
MH 0.77 1.01 0.88 1.73 1.82 1.77
HM 0.79 1.25 0.98 1.76 2.25 1.97
平均值
Mean		 LH 0.80 a 0.95 c 0.88 c 1.55 c 1.66 c 1.61 c
MM 0.84 a 1.14 b 0.99 b 1.86 b 1.86 b 1.86 b
MH 0.84 a 1.10 b 0.97 b 1.86 b 1.82 b 1.84 b
HM 0.88 a 1.24 a 1.04 a 1.92 a 2.10 a 2.00 a
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