匀播和条播小麦产量及干物质积累对春季灌水量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21069

Abstract

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the dry matter accumulation and water use of wheat under the new sowing method of tridimensional uniform sowing and to explore the water saving potential of the sowing method. The experiment was conducted in two pilot sites in Shijiazhuang and Beijing during growing season of winter wheat from 2020 to 2021, using medium gluten and water-saving wheat Lunxuan 103 as the experimental variety. To study the differences of wheat response to spring irrigation under different sowing methods from the perspectives of yield composition, material accumulation and transport, and water utilization, and to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for water-saving wheat, the experiment was conducted with three irrigation rates in the main zone [600 m³ hm^-2(W₁), 900 m³ hm^-2 (W₂), and 1200 m³ hm^-2 (W₃)] and two sowing methods [tridimensional uniform sowing (S₁) and conventional strip sowing (S₂)] in the secondary zone. The results showed that, under the same irrigation rate, the yield of tridimensional uniform sowing was higher than that of conventional strip sowing, mainly because leaf area index (LAI) was higher and changed more steadily with the advancement of the reproductive process. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic performance of the functional leaves of uniform sowing wheat was better than that of strip sowing, which facilitated the synthesis of more organic matter, resulting in higher dry matter accumulation and post-flowering photosynthetic accumulation of all organs of uniform sowing wheat than that of strip sowing, and improved WUE and IWUE, showing a better yield advantage. When the irrigation rate was 600 m³ hm^-2 (W₁), compared with the strip sowing, the yield of uniform sowing increased the most by 832.0 kg hm^-2 with an increase of 9.89%. The dry matter mass of stem sheath, leaf, and spike increased by 25.15%, 27.64%, and 18.68%, and WUE and IWUE increased by 11.16% and 9.92%, respectively. The maximum relative growth rate of different sowing methods was the highest when the irrigation amount was 900 m³ hm^-2 (W₂), the maximum relative growth rate of dry matter accumulation (0.021-0.025 g plant^-1 day^-1) occurred earlier than strip sowing, and the maximum relative growth rate of dry matter accumulation at the irrigation rate appeared earlier (t_m), and the duration of the rapid growth period (Δt) was the shortest, and appeared earlier in Shijiazhuang than Beijing. The post-flowering photosynthetic accumulation at 1200 m³ hm^-2 (W₃) was significantly higher than strip sowing, and the average yield increase was 4.37%. The gray correlation analysis showed that the number of spikes and 1000-grain weight of uniform sowing wheat were closely related to yield, while the net photosynthetic rate of strip sowing wheat was more correlated with yield in both sites. These results revealed that, under the same irrigation amount, compared with the conventional strip sowing, uniformly sown wheat could increase its yield by increasing LAI to prolong the duration of high values, or increasing net photosynthetic rate, or promoting dry matter accumulation. Especially under the condition of lower irrigation amount, the method of uniform sowing could achieve higher yield and increase benefit by efficient water use with the same irrigation input. Therefore, the uniform sowing was more suitable for areas with insufficient irrigation conditions in production, and could give full play to its efficient water-saving function.

Key words: sowing pattern, irrigation, dry matter accumulation, yield

YU Hui-Ling, KAN Ming-Xi, XU Zhe-Li, MA Rui-Qi, LIU A-Kang, WANG De-Mei, WANG Yan-Jie, YANG Yu-Shuang, ZHAO Guang-Cai, CHANG Xu-Hong. Yield and dry matter accumulation of wheat in response to spring irrigation water in uniform sowing and strip sowing[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(10): 2833-2844.

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试点 Experimental site	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	海拔 Altitude (m)	种植生态区 Ecological area	全年≥10℃积温 Accumulated temperature (≥10℃) of growth period (℃)	生育期>0℃积温 Accumulated temperature (>0℃) of growth period (℃)	无霜期 Frost-free period (d)
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	37°27'N, 113°30'E	78	黄淮冬麦区 Huang-Huai winter wheat region	4844	2206	197
北京 Beijing	39°57'N, 116°19'E	46	北部冬麦区 Northern winter wheat region	4777	2330	211

试点 Experimental site	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg kg^-1)	pH
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	19.2	1.2	109.8	28.8	183.7	8.4
北京Beijing	23.5	1.2	95.3	22.1	206.8	8.3

试点 Experimental site	灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain per spike	穗数 Spikes (×10⁴ hm^-2)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	经济系数 HI (%)
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	W₁	S₁	9292.6 c	42.5 b	613.6 a	46.61 c	0.48 b
		S₂	8556.7 d	46.2 a	480.4 b	46.59 c	0.50 a
	W₂	S₁	9311.8 c	42.3 b	619.2 a	47.65 bc	0.50 a
		S₂	9264.9 c	46.7 a	487.4 b	47.54 bc	0.50 a
	W₃	S₁	9898.0 a	40.9 c	654.4 a	48.12 b	0.50 a
		S₂	9500.9 b	46.8 a	509.3 b	49.99 a	0.51 a
北京 Beijing	W₁	S₁	9188.2 ab	43.6 c	576.0 b	48.24 ab	0.53 c
		S₂	8260.1 c	47.5 b	531.0 d	44.87 c	0.55 b
	W₂	S₁	9480.2 a	44.0 c	585.6 b	48.86 ab	0.54 c
		S₂	8823.9 b	47.8 b	578.1 bcd	46.30 bc	0.56 ab
	W₃	S₁	9679.6 a	44.4 c	629.9 a	49.84 a	0.54 c
		S₂	9256.3 ab	49.2 a	606.1 cd	47.12 abc	0.56 a

试点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	Logistic方程 Logistic equation	V_m (g plant^-1 d^-1)	持续时间Duration (d)				R²
试点 Experimental site	处理 Treatment	Logistic方程 Logistic equation	V_m (g plant^-1 d^-1)	t₁	t₂	t_m	Δt	R²
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	W₁S₁	y = 7.7773/[1+e^{(2.2386−0.110050}^t⁾]	0.214	8.4	32.3	20.3	23.9	0.99529
	W₁S₂	y = 7.7246/[1+e^{(2.3212−0.106414}^t⁾]	0.206	9.4	34.2	21.8	24.8	0.99413
	W₂S₁	y = 8.2821/[1+e^{(2.3029−0.118371}^t⁾]	0.245	8.3	30.6	19.5	22.3	0.99686
	W₂S₂	y = 8.1885/[1+e^{(2.3087−0.109060}^t⁾]	0.223	9.1	33.2	21.2	24.2	0.99151
	W₃S₁	y = 8.9725/[1+e^{(1.8837−0.098018}^t⁾]	0.220	5.8	32.7	19.2	26.9	1.00000
	W₃S₂	y = 8.5896/[1+e^{(1.9501−0.098988}^t⁾]	0.213	6.4	33.0	19.7	26.6	0.98269
北京 Beijing	W₁S₁	y = 9.4237/[1+e^{(2.2775 −0.079217}^t⁾]	0.187	12.1	45.4	28.8	33.3	0.97068
	W₁S₂	y = 8.9926/[1+e^{(2.1281−0.074001}^t⁾]	0.166	11.0	46.6	28.8	35.6	0.99002
	W₂S₁	y = 9.6812/[1+e^{(2.1887−0.084410}^t⁾]	0.204	10.3	41.5	25.9	31.2	0.99465
	W₂S₂	y = 9.2403/[1+e^{(2.1876−0.079164}^t⁾]	0.183	11.0	44.3	27.6	33.3	0.98808
	W₃S₁	y = 10.2497/[1+e^{(2.3078−0.087897}^t⁾]	0.225	11.3	41.2	26.3	30.0	0.99057
	W₃S₂	y = 9.7650/[1+e^{(2.3659−0.090817}^t⁾]	0.222	11.5	40.6	26.1	29.0	0.98864

部位 Part	处理 Treatment	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei			北京Beijing
部位 Part	处理 Treatment	T (kg hm^-2)	TE (%)	TC (%)	T (kg hm^-2)	TE (%)	TC (%)
茎秆+叶鞘	W₁S₁	2480.33 b	22.89 b	23.33 cd	1190.14 b	11.45 c	11.16 c
Stem + Leaf sheath	W₁S₂	1830.17 c	22.51 b	21.98 d	1487.92 b	15.66 bc	16.20 bc
	W₂S₁	4009.69 a	31.26 a	35.59 a	3100.64 a	23.27 ab	26.86 a
	W₂S₂	2492.18 b	27.24 ab	27.62 bc	2094.88 b	18.79 abc	20.49 ab
	W₃S₁	3715.23 a	25.79 b	29.08 b	3878.56 a	25.91 a	28.96 a
	W₃S₂	2584.30 b	25.97 b	27.32 bcd	3555.99 a	26.02 a	28.15 a
叶片	W₁S₁	1440.37 a	38.41 a	13.49 a	1908.97 a	49.97 ab	17.81 a
Leaf	W₁S₂	783.01 a	29.32 a	8.98 a	1850.48 a	55.08 ab	20.25 a
	W₂S₁	1384.25 a	30.96 a	12.02 a	1938.08 a	47.78 ab	16.81 a
	W₂S₂	733.50 a	27.26 a	8.30 a	2101.66 a	55.68 a	19.68 a
	W₃S₁	1236.14 a	28.82 a	9.58 a	2111.02 a	44.10 b	15.78 a
	W₃S₂	869.68 a	28.14 a	9.20 a	2228.60 a	50.30 ab	17.63 a
颖壳+穗轴	W₁S₁	533.18 a	19.20 a	5.10 a	630.97 ab	24.87 ab	5.90 a
Glume + Spike axis	W₁S₂	391.59 a	19.15 a	4.71 a	237.94 ab	9.60 bc	2.62 ab
	W₂S₁	236.26 a	8.55 a	2.06 a	435.55 ab	16.24 abc	3.73 ab
	W₂S₂	186.01 a	8.83 a	2.12 a	137.04 b	4.61 c	1.32 b
	W₃S₁	349.33 a	12.36 a	2.76 a	437.61 ab	16.09 abc	3.26 ab
	W₃S₂	222.93 a	9.87 a	2.34 a	707.35 a	28.39 a	5.60 ab
总量	W₁S₁	4453.88 bc	25.78 a	41.92 ab	3730.08 c	20.82 c	34.87 c
Total	W₁S₂	3004.78 d	23.53 a	35.67 b	3576.35 c	22.15 bc	39.07 bc
	W₂S₁	5630.20 a	28.55 a	49.67 a	5474.27 ab	25.81 abc	47.40 ab
	W₂S₂	3411.69 cd	24.53 a	38.03 b	4333.58 bc	23.25 bc	42.36 abc
	W₃S₁	5300.70 ab	24.54 a	41.42 ab	6427.19 a	26.89 ab	48.00 ab
	W₃S₂	3676.91 cd	24.08 a	38.87 b	6491.95 a	29.40 a	51.37 a

Yield and dry matter accumulation of wheat in response to spring irrigation water in uniform sowing and strip sowing

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灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei		北京Beijing
灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	光合积累量 Photosynthetic accumulation (kg hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	光合积累量 Photosynthetic accumulation (kg hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
W₁	S₁	6215.76 ab	58.08 ab	6956.28 a	65.14 a
	S₂	5393.83 b	64.33 a	5570.03 b	60.93 a
W₂	S₁	5647.64 b	50.33 b	6375.93 ab	55.12 ab
	S₂	5560.77 b	61.97 a	5910.61 ab	54.77 ab
W₃	S₁	7512.80 a	58.58 ab	6390.22 ab	48.07 b
	S₂	5848.15 b	61.13 a	5642.73 ab	44.42 b

灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei			北京 Beijing
灌水量 Irrigation amount	播种方式 Sowing pattern	ET_a (mm)	WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	IWUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	ET_a (mm)	WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	IWUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
W₁	S₁	337.4 c	27.54 a	61.95 a	277.5 c	33.12 a	61.25 a
	S₂	338.6 c	25.27 c	57.04 b	282.8 c	29.22 bc	55.07 b
W₂	S₁	361.4 b	25.77 b	51.73 c	311.9 b	30.40 b	52.67 bc
	S₂	365.6 b	25.34 bc	51.47 c	318.7 b	27.69 c	49.02 cd
W₃	S₁	396.1 a	24.99 c	47.13 d	339.9 a	28.48 bc	46.09 d
	S₂	400.7 a	23.71 d	45.24 e	345.2 a	26.87 c	44.08 d

试点 Experimental site	指标 Indicator	匀播Uniforming		条播Drilling
试点 Experimental site	指标 Indicator	关联度 Correlation degree	关联度排序 Relevance ranking	关联度Correlation degree	关联度排序Relevance ranking
河北石家庄 Shijiazhuang, Hebei	穗粒数Grain per spike	0.8371	3	0.5790	6
	穗数Spikes	0.9796	1	0.6363	4
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.8887	2	0.6680	3
	花前干物质转运量Pre-flowering dry matter transfer	0.6150	6	0.6323	5
	花后干物质积累量Post-flowering dry matter accumulation	0.6870	5	0.7117	2
	净光合速率Photosynthetic rate	0.7640	4	0.7590	1
北京 Beijing	穗粒数Grain per spike	0.9473	3	0.8841	5
	穗数Spikes	0.9500	2	0.9626	1
	千粒重1000-grain weight	0.9631	1	0.9122	4
	花前干物质转运量Pre-flowering dry matter transfer	0.5893	6	0.6803	6
	花后干物质积累量Post-flowering dry matter accumulation	0.8189	5	0.9145	3
	净光合速率Photosynthetic rate	0.8901	4	0.9481	2

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