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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (8): 2296-2307.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21051

• RESEARCH NOTES • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of water and nitrogen application on root characteristics and nitrogen utilization in winter wheat

LIU Shi-Jie1(), YANG Xi-Wen1, MA Geng1,2, FENG Hao-Xiang1, HAN Zhi-Dong1, HAN Xiao-Jie1, ZHANG Xiao-Yan1, HE De-Xian1, MA Dong-Yun1,2, XIE Ying-Xin1,2, WANG Li-Fang1,2,*(), WANG Chen-Yang1,2,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
    2 Henan Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2022-09-30 Accepted:2023-02-10 Online:2023-08-12 Published:2023-02-27
  • Contact: WANG Li-Fang,WANG Chen-Yang E-mail:liushijie9787@163.com;wanglifang605@126.com;xmzxwang@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001475);Key Science and Technology Project of Henan Province(222102110166);Key Scientific Research Project of Henan Province(21A210025);Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Henan Agricultural University(KJCX2020A01)

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Abstract:

The morphological and physiological characteristics of the root system determine the ability of a plant to obtain nutrients and water. In winter wheat, to building a sensible root population structure, coordinating root-shoot growth, and improving the efficiency of N fertilizer utilization, root morphological characteristic and root activity in response to water and nitrogen (N) and their relationships with dry matter accumulation in shoots, yield, and N utilization were analyzed. A field experiment was conducted using split-plot on design two factors. Two main levels of water supply, W0 (no irrigation during the whole growth period) and W1 (irrigation once each at the jointing and flowering stages), and three secondary levels of N application [N0 (0 kg hm-2), N180 (180 kg hm-2), and N300 (300 kg hm-2)] were set. Compared with W0, W1 inhibited the increase of root length density but increased the root average diameter in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers, increased root surface area and root dry weight density in the 0-20 cm soil layer, significantly increased root activity by 4.98%-22.7%, reduced root-shoot ratio by 1.47%-11.25%, and yield, N uptake efficiency, and partial productivity of N fertilizer increased by 15.50%, 13.40%, and 14.91%, respectively. Compared with N0, N application promoted root growth, significantly increased the average root diameter, root length density, root surface area, root dry weight density, and root activity, while decreasing the root-shoot ratio. N180 was more beneficial to root growth than N300, N180 improved root morphological indicators and activity, while increasing yield, N uptake efficiency and agronomic use efficiency of N fertilizer by 2.53%, 44.51%, and 39.37%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that root dry weight density from jointing stage to flowering stages was positively correlated with the yield and N use efficiency, while the root-shoot ratio was negatively correlated with yield and positively correlated with N use efficiency. Therefore, appropriate levels of irrigation and N application optimized root morphology and distribution, improved root activity, coordinated root and shoot dry matter distribution and improved yield and N utilization. In winter wheat production, W1N180 is beneficial to promote the synergistic improvement of yield and N use efficiency.

Key words: winter wheat, root characteristics, root-shoot ratio, yield, nitrogen use efficiency

Fig. 1

Daily average temperature and rainfall in winter wheat growing season during 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 period"

Table 1

Soil water content and total nitrogen in 0-40 cm soil layer in experiment site at sowing and maturity stages"

土层
Soil layer (cm)		 处理
Treatment		 土壤含水量Soil water content (%) 全氮含量Total nitrogen (g kg-1)
播前Sowing 收获Maturity 播前Sowing 收获Maturity
0-20 W0N0 16.46 5.19 0.86 0.76
W0N180 16.46 5.73 0.86 0.92
W0N300 16.46 5.29 0.86 0.90
W1N0 16.87 8.47 0.88 0.79
W1N180 16.87 8.19 0.88 0.91
W1N300 16.87 8.24 0.88 0.85
20-40 W0N0 16.09 5.51 0.69 0.41
W0N180 16.09 5.80 0.69 0.37
W0N300 16.09 5.39 0.69 0.48
W1N0 15.98 9.16 0.70 0.42
W1N180 15.98 8.77 0.70 0.52
W1N300 15.98 8.43 0.70 0.59

Table 2

Effects of water and nitrogen treatment on winter wheat yield and its component from 2020 to 2022"

处理
Treatment		 2020-2021 2021-2022
穗数
NS (×104 spikes hm-2)		 穗粒数
GNS		 千粒重
TGW (g)		 产量
GY (kg hm-2)		 穗数
NS (×104 spikes hm-2)		 穗粒数
GNS		 千粒重
TGW (g)		 产量
GY (kg hm-2)
W0 524.7 b 31.0 a 50.1 a 7420 b 461.4 b 32.5 b 50.5 a 7623 b
W1 586.4 a 31.8 a 49.0 b 8766 a 532.5 a 34.6 a 47.8 b 8570 a
N0 500.0 b 29.9 b 53.5 a 7614 b 369.2 c 31.7 b 52.3 a 6323 c
N180 575.4 a 31.2 ab 49.2 b 8253 a 541.7 b 34.1 a 49.4 b 9328 a
N300 591.3 a 33.1 a 45.8 c 8412 a 580.0 a 34.9 a 45.8 c 8638 b
W0N0 490.8 b 29.5 b 54.1 a 6977 a 358.3 b 31.0 b 52.8 a 5901 c
W0N180 535.8 a 30.7 ab 50.3 b 7555 a 507.5 a 32.9 ab 50.7 b 8824 a
W0N300 547.5 a 32.7 a 45.9 c 7727 a 518.3 a 33.7 a 48.0 c 8145 b
W1N0 509.2 b 30.3 b 52.8 a 8251 b 380.0 c 32.3 b 51.8 a 6746 c
W1N180 615.0 a 31.7 ab 48.3 b 8950 a 575.8 b 35.3 a 48.0 b 9832 a
W1N300 635.0 a 33.5 a 45.7 c 9098 a 641.7 a 36.0 a 43.6 c 9132 b
F-value
W 45.51*** 2.22NS 13.00** 76.10*** 44.10*** 14.62** 409.96*** 47.43***
N 37.93*** 10.96** 193.49*** 9.98** 146.67*** 13.29*** 795.35*** 174.79***
W×N 5.69* 0.01NS 2.41NS 0.10NS 7.53** 0.44NS 52.27*** 0.14NS

Table 3

Effects of water and nitrogen treatment on nitrogen use efficiencies in winter wheat from 2020 to 2022"

处理
Treatment		 2020-2021 (kg kg-1) 2021-2022 (kg kg-1)
氮素利用效率
NUE		 氮素吸收效率
UPE		 氮肥农学效率
NAE		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPF		 氮素利用效率
NUE		 氮素吸收效率
UPE		 氮肥农学效率
NAE		 氮肥偏生产力
PFPF
W0 32.30 b 1.20 b 2.86 a 33.87 b 41.90 b 1.03 b 11.86 b 38.09 b
W1 33.75 a 1.45 a 3.35 a 40.02 a 44.78 a 1.10 a 12.55 a 42.53 a
N0 35.58 a — — — 52.36 a — — —
N180 32.50 b 1.59 a 3.55 a 45.85 a 40.76 b 1.25 a 16.69 a 51.82 a
N300 30.99 c 1.06 b 2.66 a 28.04 b 36.90 c 0.89 b 7.72 b 28.79 b
W0N0 35.54 a — — — 52.44 a — — —
W0N180 31.03 b 1.48 a 3.21 a 41.97 a 39.07 b 1.21 a 16.24 a 49.02 a
W0N300 30.34 b 0.93 b 2.50 a 25.76 b 34.19 c 0.86 b 7.48 b 27.15 b
W1N0 35.63 a — — — 52.28 a — — —
W1N180 33.98 b 1.69 a 3.88 a 49.72 a 42.44 b 1.28 a 17.14 a 54.62 a
W1N300 31.65 c 1.20 b 2.82 b 30.33 b 39.62 c 0.92 b 7.95 b 30.44 b
F-value
W 17.52** 148.79*** 1.12NS 79.52*** 42.18*** 26.20*** 6.81* 40.60***
N 60.90*** 690.27*** 3.56NS 665.01*** 439.42*** 704.57*** 1152.16*** 1089.62***
W×N 5.70* 2.65NS 0.14NS 5.30NS 13.56*** 0.16NS 0.66NS 2.74NS

Fig. 2

Root morphological indices at different growth stages of winter wheat within different soil layers under different water and nitrogen treatments from 2020 to 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Values within the same growth period followed by different letters mean significant difference among the treatments at P < 0.05."

Table 4

Root morphological indices at anthesis stage of winter wheat within different soil layers under different water and nitrogen treatments from 2021 to 2022"

处理
Treatment		 根系平均直径
Average root diameter
(mm)		 根长密度
Root length density
(cm cm-3)		 根表面积
Root surface area
(mm2 cm-3)		 根干重密度
Root dry weight density
(g cm-3)
0-20 cm 20-40 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm 0-20 cm 20-40 cm
W0 0.30 b 0.29 b 5.21 a 1.70 a 49.07 b 15.48 a 406.03 b 122.37 a
W1 0.34 a 0.31 a 4.95 b 1.37 b 53.06 a 13.45 b 446.99 a 110.38 a
N0 0.31 b 0.29 b 3.74 c 1.22 c 36.07 c 11.11 c 354.81 c 104.34 c
N180 0.33 a 0.32 a 6.11 a 1.82 a 63.82 a 18.09 a 478.61 a 130.41 a
N300 0.32 b 0.29 b 5.40 b 1.57 b 53.32 b 14.19 b 446.10 b 114.37 b
W0N0 0.29 e 0.28 cd 3.79 d 1.31 d 34.58 d 11.50 d 345.64 d 110.46 c
W0N180 0.31 d 0.30 b 6.25 a 2.07 a 60.92 b 19.64 a 452.93 a 135.95 a
W0N300 0.30 e 0.28 d 5.59 bc 1.73 b 51.70 c 15.31 b 419.53 c 120.70 b
W1N0 0.32 c 0.30 b 3.69 d 1.13 e 37.56 d 10.73 d 363.98 d 98.22 d
W1N180 0.36 a 0.34 a 5.97 ab 1.57 bc 66.71 a 16.54 b 504.30 a 124.87 b
W1N300 0.34 b 0.29 bc 5.20 c 1.41 cd 54.93 c 13.08 c 472.68 a 108.05 c
F-value
W 226.38*** 41.32*** 4.37NS 62.99*** 9.03* 25.52*** 28.06*** 28.73***
N 33.28*** 27.47*** 130.94*** 69.64*** 148.26*** 100.60*** 91.92*** 46.08***
W×N 1.55NS 2.91NS 0.46NS 4.94NS 0.46NS 2.87NS 2.14NS 0.04NS

Table 5

Root activity at different growth stages of winter wheat within different soil layers under different water and nitrogen treatments from 2020 to 2021 (μg g-1 h-1 FW)"

处理
Treatment		 0-20 cm 20-40 cm
拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
W0 93.72 b 52.90 b 35.38 b 22.04 b 57.91 b 46.45 b 32.79 b 19.90 a
W1 104.50 a 62.98 a 43.61 a 24.22 a 60.87 a 49.75 a 36.85 a 21.24 a
N0 92.25 b 53.27 c 34.01 c 18.50 b 56.24 b 42.04 b 29.33 c 17.49 b
N180 105.42 a 62.46 a 44.87 a 24.56 a 61.74 a 52.67 a 39.06 a 22.59 a
N300 99.67 a 58.09 b 39.61 b 26.33 a 60.20 ab 49.59 a 36.07 b 21.64 a
W0N0 87.46 c 49.69 c 29.87 e 18.03 c 54.43 c 40.64 d 27.95 c 17.12 c
W0N180 97.55 bc 56.38 b 41.75 bc 22.94 b 59.71 abc 50.90 ab 37.35 a 21.16 b
W0N300 96.16 bc 52.63 bc 34.52 de 25.15 ab 59.59 abc 47.80 bc 33.07 b 21.43 b
W1N0 97.03 bc 56.85 b 38.15 cd 18.97 c 58.04 bc 43.43 cd 30.71 bc 17.86 c
W1N180 113.29 a 68.53 a 48.00 a 26.18 ab 63.77 a 54.44 a 40.76 a 24.01 a
W1N300 103.18 ab 63.56 a 44.69 ab 27.51 a 60.81 ab 51.38 ab 39.07 a 21.84 ab
F-value
W 14.97** 38.84*** 43.40*** 5.09* 4.97* 5.52* 15.25** 4.56 NS
N 7.49** 10.76** 25.20*** 24.03*** 6.07* 20.16*** 30.69*** 25.04***
W×N 0.86NS 0.86NS 0.82NS 0.48NS 0.44NS 0.03NS 0.90NS 1.48NS

Table 6

Dry biomass and root-shoot ratios of winter wheat under different water and nitrogen treatments"

指标
Index		 处理
Treatment		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 开花期
Anthesis stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
根系干重 W0N0 590.4 a 700.4 c 635.1 b 552.0 c
Root dry weight (kg hm-2) W0N180 618.8 a 763.2 b 699.1 ab 599.3 abc
W0N300 586.9 a 727.1 bc 659.5 b 570.9 bc
W1N0 610.0 a 737.1 bc 673.3 ab 594.2 abc
W1N180 634.1 a 833.8 a 758.8 a 655.5 a
W1N300 612.5 a 764.5 b 699.0 ab 630.1 ab
地上部干重 W0N0 6771.0 c 10,609.0 c 12,823.1 c 14,550.4 d
Shoot dry weight (kg hm-2) W0N180 7446.6 ab 12,278.9 b 14,603.7 b 16,828.0 c
W0N300 7588.0 ab 12,656.8 b 14,933.0 b 17,757.2 c
W1N0 7093.7 bc 11,874.8 b 14,239.9 b 16,599.4 c
W1N180 7731.0 ab 14,924.7 a 16,800.4 a 21,055.9 b
W1N300 8007.3 a 15,237.4 a 17,632.8 a 22,499.9 a
根冠比 W0N0 0.087 a 0.066 a 0.050 a 0.038 a
Root-shoot ratio W0N180 0.083 a 0.062 ab 0.048 ab 0.036 ab
W0N300 0.077 a 0.058 abc 0.044 bc 0.032 bc
W1N0 0.086 a 0.062 ab 0.047 ab 0.036 ab
W1N180 0.082 a 0.056 bc 0.045 ab 0.031 bc
W1N300 0.077 a 0.050 c 0.040 c 0.028 c

Fig. 3

Correlation analysis of different growth stages root dry weight density, root-shoot ratio, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization GY: grain yield; JRWD, ARWD, FRWD, and MRWD represent root dry weight density at jointing, anthesis, filling, and maturity stage, respectively. JR/S, AR/S, FR/S, and MR/S represent the ratio of root to shoot at jointing, flowering, filling and maturity stage, respectively; UPE: N uptake efficiency; NAE: agronomic use efficiency of N fertilizer; PFPF: the partial productivity of N fertilizer. * indicates significant at the 0.05 probability level; ** indicates significant at the 0.01 probability level; *** indicates significant at the 0.001 probability level. The red circle shows a positive correlation and the blue shows a negative correlation."

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