玉米果穗相关性状QTL定位及重要候选基因分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.33061

Abstract

Abstract:

Maize ear related traits are directly related to yield, and the analysis of their genetic basis is of great significance for guiding maize genetic improvement. In this study, the phenotypic characteristics of eight traits were identified in 168 high generation backcross recombinant inbred lines (AB-RILs) in six environments over three years. QTLs for eight traits were mapped with 11,407 SNP markers generated by 10 K liquid chip in maize. A total of 32 QTL related to eight ear traits were identified in this study, including five environmentally consistent QTLs and three pleiotropic QTL. Further, we used the genotypic and phenotypic data of 507 maize inbred lines to analyze the candidate regions of major QTL and identified 19 candidate genes that might be related to ear shape. We finally speculated four genes as candidate genes based on the analysis of evolution and expression of the genes. These results provide the important marker information for the genetic improvement of ear traits in maize breeding and offered guidance for the cloning of genes related to ear traits.

Key words: maize, AB-RIL population, ear, kernel, QTL mapping, candidate regional association analysis

ZHENG Xue-Qing, WANG Xing-Rong, ZHANG Yan-Jun, GONG Dian-Ming, QIU Fa-Zhan. Mapping of QTL for ear-related traits and prediction of key candidate genes in maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(6): 1435-1450.

Figures/Tables 16

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Table 3

Fig. 3

Table 4

Fig. 4

Table 5

Summary of QTL information in six environments"

性状 Trait name	QTL	环境 Environment	染色体 Chr.	左侧位置 Left marker (bp)	右侧位置 Right marker (bp)	区间大小 Interval (Mb)	LOD	表型贡献率 PVE (%)	加性效应 Add.
轴粗	qCD-1	2021HB	1	54,939,430	62,115,356	7.18	3.87	7.75	0.07
CD (cm)	qCD-4-1	2020SD	4	205,018,080	208,958,555	3.94	3.72	15.64	0.11
	qCD-4-2	2021HB	4	192,997,278	196,677,405	3.04	5.49	11.17	0.10
	qCD-5	2021HB	5	186,597,846	188,359,476	1.76	4.11	8.20	-0.07
	qCD-6-1	2021HB	6	135,424,426	137,064,298	1.64	3.48	6.92	0.07
	qCD-6-2	2021SD	6	121,297,726	122,580,268	1.28	4.12	12.18	0.11
穗粗	qED-4	2021HB	4	192,997,278	196,677,405	3.04	4.64	10.34	0.14
ED (cm)	qED-6	2021SD	6	112,313,105	114,094,970	1.78	4.48	11.43	0.14
穗长	qEL-2	2020HN	2	236,095,548	238,255,788	2.16	6.07	12.16	-0.90
EL (cm)	qEL-3	2021SD	3	185,984,247	191,410,788	5.43	5.79	12.39	-0.67
	qEL-5	2020HN	5	11,628,082	13,586,282	1.96	4.17	8.63	-0.88
穗行数	qER-2	2021HB/2021SD	2	6,991,776	9,084,154	2.09	5.83/5.29	8.22/5.31	-0.95/-0.99
ER	qER-4-1	2019SD/2021HB	4	13,661,289	17,219,642	3.56	3.64/3.98	10.89/5.46	-0.71/-0.80
	qER-4-2	2021HB/2021SD	4	199,271,470	210,177,012	10.91	9.57/8.48	13.75/8.27	1.25/-1.24
	qER-10-1	2020SD	10	9,126,644	22,985,297	13.86	7.21	15.44	-1.26
	qER-10-2	2021SD	10	139,905,250	142,678,402	2.77	3.93	4.32	-0.98
百粒重	qHKW-1	2019HB	1	46,731,254	51,419,220	4.69	4.03	13.42	1.40
HKW(g)	qHKW-4	2020SD	4	69,806,390	77,312,272	7.51	3.71	8.80	1.36
	qHKW-10	2021SD	10	139,905,250	142,678,402	2.77	4.16	11.72	1.11
粒长	qKL-3	2020HN	3	229,824,448	231,520,846	1.70	3.73	13.04	-0.10
KL (cm)	qKL-9-1	2019SD	9	14,303,995	16,923,756	2.62	4.57	11.96	0.03
	qKL-9-2	2021HB	9	17,738,298	28,246,816	10.51	3.55	10.14	0.03
粒厚	qKT-1	2021HB	1	246,403,964	250,906,206	4.50	5.28	1.47	0.01
KT (cm)	qKT-2	2020SD	2	194,189,434	195,416,628	1.23	5.25	13.12	0.02
	qKT-8	2021HB	8	71,183,518	93,850,416	22.67	3.62	1.01	0.01
	qKT-9-1	2020HN/2021HB	9	16,211,720	30,377,062	14.17	13.68/40.45	17.20/20.76	-0.05/-0.05
	qKT-9-2	2020HN	9	107,672,078	113,681,932	6.01	7.21	8.00	0.03
粒宽 KW (cm)	qKW-4	2019SD/2020SD/ 2021HB/2021SD	4	13,938,960	17,761,802	3.82	5.16/5.68/ 4.74/7.51	14.30/9.77/ 13.51/13.97	0.03/0.04/ 0.03/0.04
	qKW-7-1	2020SD	7	143,358,324	146,209,696	2.85	3.88	13.51/13.97	-0.03
	qKW-7-2	2020SD	7	154,455,636	159,145,141	4.69	6.76	6.46	0.04
	qKW-10-1	2020HN	10	4,574,144	12,475,578	7.90	4.89	11.97	0.05
	qKW-10-2	2021SD	10	133,521,996	136,947,954	3.43	3.58	16.01	0.03

Table 5

Fig. 5

Table 6

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Table 7

Fig. 8

Table S1

Summary of 507 maize inbred lines"

序号 No.	名称 Name	来源 Origin	序号 No.	名称 Name	来源 Origin	序号 No.	名称 Name	来源 Origin
1	150	China	171	CIMBL59	CIMMYT	341	GEMS40	USA
2	177	China	172	CIMBL6	CIMMYT	342	GEMS41	USA
3	238	China	173	CIMBL60	CIMMYT	343	GEMS42	USA
4	268	China	174	CIMBL61	CIMMYT	344	GEMS43	USA
5	501	China	175	CIMBL62	CIMMYT	345	GEMS44	USA
6	647	China	176	CIMBL63	CIMMYT	346	GEMS45	USA
7	812	China	177	CIMBL65	CIMMYT	347	GEMS46	USA
8	832	China	178	CIMBL66	CIMMYT	348	GEMS47	USA
9	1323	China	179	CIMBL67	CIMMYT	349	GEMS48	USA
10	3411	China	180	CIMBL68	CIMMYT	350	GEMS49	USA
11	5237	China	181	CIMBL69	CIMMYT	351	GEMS5	USA
12	5311	China	182	CIMBL7	CIMMYT	352	GEMS50	USA
13	7327	China	183	CIMBL70	CIMMYT	353	GEMS51	USA
14	8902	China	184	CIMBL71	CIMMYT	354	GEMS52	USA
15	9642	China	185	CIMBL72	CIMMYT	355	GEMS53	USA
16	9782	China	186	CIMBL73	CIMMYT	356	GEMS54	USA
17	81162	China	187	CIMBL74	CIMMYT	357	GEMS55	USA
18	526018	China	188	CIMBL75	CIMMYT	358	GEMS56	USA
19	04K5672	China	189	CIMBL76	CIMMYT	359	GEMS57	USA
20	04K5686	China	190	CIMBL77	CIMMYT	360	GEMS58	USA
21	04K5702	China	191	CIMBL78	CIMMYT	361	GEMS59	USA
22	05W002	China	192	CIMBL79	CIMMYT	362	GEMS6	USA
23	05WN230	China	193	CIMBL8	CIMMYT	363	GEMS60	USA
24	07KS4	China	194	CIMBL80	CIMMYT	364	GEMS61	USA
25	18-599	China	195	CIMBL81	CIMMYT	365	GEMS62	Latin America (Cuba)
26	303WX	China	196	CIMBL82	CIMMYT	366	GEMS63	USA
27	384-2	China	197	CIMBL83	CIMMYT	367	GEMS64	USA
28	3H-2	China	198	CIMBL84	CIMMYT	368	GEMS65	Latin America (Cuba)
29	4F1	China	199	CIMBL85	CIMMYT	369	GEMS66	Latin America (Cuba)
30	7884-4HT	China	200	CIMBL86	CIMMYT	370	GEMS9	USA
31	835B	China	201	CIMBL87	CIMMYT	371	GY1032	China
32	975-12	China	202	CIMBL88	CIMMYT	372	GY220	China
33	A619	USA	203	CIMBL89	CIMMYT	373	GY237	China
34	B11	China	204	CIMBL9	CIMMYT	374	GY386	China
35	B110	China	205	CIMBL90	CIMMYT	375	GY386B	China
36	B111	China	206	CIMBL91	CIMMYT	376	GY462	China
37	B113	China	207	CIMBL92	CIMMYT	377	GY798	China
38	B114	China	208	CIMBL93	CIMMYT	378	GY923	China
39	B151	China	209	CIMBL94	CIMMYT	379	H21	China
40	B73	China	210	CIMBL95	CIMMYT	380	HB	China
41	B77	China	211	CIMBL96	CIMMYT	381	HSBN	China
42	BEM	China	212	CIMBL97	CIMMYT	382	HTH-17	China
43	BGY	China	213	CIMBL98	CIMMYT	383	HUA83-2	China
44	BK	Peru	214	CIMBL99	CIMMYT	384	HUANGC	China
45	BS16	China	215	CML113	CIMMYT	385	HYS	China
46	BT1	China	216	CML114	CIMMYT	386	HZS	China
47	BY4839	China	217	CML115	CIMMYT	387	IRF291	China
48	BY4944	China	218	CML115	CIMMYT	388	IRF314	China
49	BY4960	China	219	CML118	CIMMYT	389	JH59	China
50	BY804	China	220	CML121	CIMMYT	390	JH96C	China
51	BY807	China	221	CML122	CIMMYT	391	JI53	China
52	BY809	China	222	CML130	CIMMYT	392	JI63	China
53	BY813	China	223	CML134	CIMMYT	393	JI842	China
54	BY815	China	224	CML139	CIMMYT	394	JI846	China
55	BY843	China	225	CML162	CIMMYT	395	JI853	China
56	BY855	China	226	CML163	CIMMYT	396	JIAO51	China
57	BZN	China	227	CML165	CIMMYT	397	JING24	China
58	C8605	China	228	CML168	CIMMYT	398	JING724	China
59	CF3	China	229	CML169	CIMMYT	399	JY01	China
60	CHANG3	China	230	CML170	CIMMYT	400	K10	China
61	CHANG7-2	China	231	CML171	CIMMYT	401	K12	China
62	CHENG698	China	232	CML172	CIMMYT	402	K22	China
63	CHUAN48-2	China	233	CML189	CIMMYT	403	L3180	China
64	CI7	USA	234	CML191	CIMMYT	404	LG001	China
65	CIMBL1	USA	235	CML192	CIMMYT	405	LIAO138	China
66	CIMBL10	CIMMYT	236	CML20	CIMMYT	406	LIAO159	China
67	CIMBL100	CIMMYT	237	CML223	CIMMYT	407	LIAO5114	China
68	CIMBL101	CIMMYT	238	CML225	CIMMYT	408	LIAO5262	China
69	CIMBL102	CIMMYT	239	CML226	CIMMYT	409	LIAO5263	China
70	CIMBL104	CIMMYT	240	CML228	CIMMYT	410	LK11	China
71	CIMBL105	CIMMYT	241	CML229	CIMMYT	411	LV28	China
72	CIMBL106	CIMMYT	242	CML27	CIMMYT	412	LXN	China
73	CIMBL107	CIMMYT	243	CML28	CIMMYT	413	LY	China
74	CIMBL108	CIMMYT	244	CML282	CIMMYT	414	LY042	China
75	CIMBL11	CIMMYT	245	CML285	CIMMYT	415	M153	China
76	CIMBL110	CIMMYT	246	CML286	CIMMYT	416	M165	China
77	CIMBL111	CIMMYT	247	CML287	CIMMYT	417	M97	China
78	CIMBL112	CIMMYT	248	CML289	CIMMYT	418	MN	China
79	CIMBL113	CIMMYT	249	CML29	CIMMYT	419	MO17	China
80	CIMBL114	CIMMYT	250	CML290	CIMMYT	420	NAN21-3	China
81	CIMBL115	CIMMYT	251	CML298	CIMMYT	421	NMJT	China
82	CIMBL116	CIMMYT	252	CML300	CIMMYT	422	P138	China
83	CIMBL117	CIMMYT	253	CML305	CIMMYT	423	P178	China
84	CIMBL118	CIMMYT	254	CML307	CIMMYT	424	Ph6WC	USA(Pioneer)
85	CIMBL119	CIMMYT	255	CML31	CIMMYT	425	Ph4CV	USA(Pioneer)
86	CIMBL120	CIMMYT	256	CML32	CIMMYT	426	Q1261	China
87	CIMBL121	CIMMYT	257	CML323	CIMMYT	427	QI205	China
88	CIMBL122	CIMMYT	258	CML324	CIMMYT	428	QI319	China
89	CIMBL123	CIMMYT	259	CML325	CIMMYT	429	R08	China
90	CIMBL124	CIMMYT	260	CML326	CIMMYT	430	R15	China
91	CIMBL125	CIMMYT	261	CML327	CIMMYT	431	R15X1141	China
92	CIMBL126	CIMMYT	262	CML338	CIMMYT	432	RY684	China
93	CIMBL127	CIMMYT	263	CML360	CIMMYT	433	RY697	China
94	CIMBL128	CIMMYT	264	CML361	CIMMYT	434	RY713	China
95	CIMBL129	CIMMYT	265	CML364	CIMMYT	435	RY729	China
96	CIMBL13	CIMMYT	266	CML40	CIMMYT	436	RY732	China
97	CIMBL130	CIMMYT	267	CML408	CIMMYT	437	RY737	China
98	CIMBL131	CIMMYT	268	CML411	CIMMYT	438	S22	China
99	CIMBL132	CIMMYT	269	CML415	CIMMYT	439	S22	China
100	CIMBL133	CIMMYT	270	CML422	CIMMYT	440	S37	China
101	CIMBL134	CIMMYT	271	CML423	CIMMYT	441	SC55	USA
102	CIMBL135	CIMMYT	272	CML426	CIMMYT	442	SHEN137	China
103	CIMBL136	CIMMYT	273	CML428	CIMMYT	443	SHEN5003	China
104	CIMBL137	CIMMYT	274	CML431	CIMMYT	444	SI273	China
105	CIMBL138	CIMMYT	275	CML432	CIMMYT	445	SI434	China
106	CIMBL139	CIMMYT	276	CML451	CIMMYT	446	SI446	China
107	CIMBL14	CIMMYT	277	CML454	CIMMYT	447	SK	China
108	CIMBL140	CIMMYT	278	CML465	CIMMYT	448	SW1611	China
109	CIMBL141	CIMMYT	279	CML468	CIMMYT	449	SW92E114	China
110	CIMBL142	CIMMYT	280	CML470	CIMMYT	450	SY1032	China
111	CIMBL143	CIMMYT	281	CML471	CIMMYT	451	SY1035	China
112	CIMBL144	CIMMYT	282	CML479	CIMMYT	452	SY1039	China
113	CIMBL145	CIMMYT	283	CML480	CIMMYT	453	SY1052	China
114	CIMBL146	CIMMYT	284	CML486	CIMMYT	454	SY1077	China
115	CIMBL147	CIMMYT	285	CML493	CIMMYT	455	SY3073	China
116	CIMBL148	CIMMYT	286	CML496	CIMMYT	456	SY998	China
117	CIMBL149	CIMMYT	287	CML497	CIMMYT	457	SY999	China
118	CIMBL15	CIMMYT	288	CML50	CIMMYT	458	TIAN77	China
119	CIMBL150	CIMMYT	289	CML51	CIMMYT	459	TIE7922	China
120	CIMBL151	CIMMYT	290	CML69	CIMMYT	460	TT16	China
121	CIMBL152	CIMMYT	291	CY72	China	461	TX5	China
122	CIMBL153	CIMMYT	292	D047	China	462	TY1	China
123	CIMBL154	CIMMYT	293	D863F	China	463	TY10	China
124	CIMBL155	CIMMYT	294	DAN3130	China	464	TY11	China
125	CIMBL156	CIMMYT	295	DAN340	China	465	TY2	China
126	CIMBL157	CIMMYT	296	DAN360	China	466	TY3	China
127	CIMBL16	CIMMYT	297	DAN4245	China	467	TY4	China
128	CIMBL17	CIMMYT	298	DAN598	China	468	TY5	China
129	CIMBL18	CIMMYT	299	DAN599	China	469	TY6	China
130	CIMBL19	CIMMYT	300	DAN9046	China	470	TY7	China
131	CIMBL2	Thailand	301	DE.EX	USA	471	TY8	China
132	CIMBL20	CIMMYT	302	DH29	China	472	TY9	China
133	CIMBL21	CIMMYT	303	DH3732	China	473	U8112	China
134	CIMBL22	CIMMYT	304	DONG237	China	474	W138	China
135	CIMBL23	CIMMYT	305	DONG46	China	475	WH413	China
136	CIMBL25	CIMMYT	306	DSB	China	476	WMR	China
137	CIMBL26	CIMMYT	307	E28	Unknown	477	WU109	China
138	CIMBL27	CIMMYT	308	EN25	China	478	Xi502	China
139	CIMBL28	CIMMYT	309	ES40	China	479	Xun971	China
140	CIMBL3	Thailand	310	FCD0602	China	480	XZ698	China
141	CIMBL30	CIMMYT	311	GEMS1	Latin America (Peru)	481	YAN414	China
142	CIMBL31	CIMMYT	312	GEMS10	USA	482	YE478	China
143	CIMBL32	CIMMYT	313	GEMS11	USA	483	YE488	China
144	CIMBL33	CIMMYT	314	GEMS12	USA	484	YE515	China
145	CIMBL34	CIMMYT	315	GEMS13	USA	485	YE52106	China
146	CIMBL35	CIMMYT	316	GEMS14	USA	486	YE8001	China
147	CIMBL36	CIMMYT	317	GEMS15	USA	487	YU374	China
148	CIMBL37	CIMMYT	318	GEMS16	Thailand	488	YU87-1	China
149	CIMBL38	CIMMYT	319	GEMS17	USA	489	Z2018F	China
150	CIMBL39	CIMMYT	320	GEMS18	USA	490	ZAC546	China
151	CIMBL4	Thailand	321	GEMS19	USA	491	ZB648	China
152	CIMBL40	CIMMYT	322	GEMS2	USA	492	ZH68	China
153	CIMBL41	CIMMYT	323	GEMS20	USA	493	ZHENG22	China
154	CIMBL42	CIMMYT	324	GEMS21	USA	494	ZHENG28	China
155	CIMBL43	CIMMYT	325	GEMS23	USA	495	ZHENG29	China
156	CIMBL44	CIMMYT	326	GEMS24	USA	496	ZHENG30	China
157	CIMBL45	CIMMYT	327	GEMS25	USA	497	ZHENG32	China
158	CIMBL46	CIMMYT	328	GEMS27	USA	498	ZHENG35	China
159	CIMBL47	CIMMYT	329	GEMS28	USA	499	ZHENG58	China
160	CIMBL48	CIMMYT	330	GEMS29	USA	500	ZHENG653	China
161	CIMBL49	CIMMYT	331	GEMS3	USA	501	ZHI41	China
162	CIMBL5	USA	332	GEMS30	USA	502	ZHONG69	China
163	CIMBL50	CIMMYT	333	GEMS31	USA	503	ZI330	China
164	CIMBL51	CIMMYT	334	GEMS32	USA	504	ZONG3	China
165	CIMBL52	CIMMYT	335	GEMS33	USA	505	ZONG31	China
166	CIMBL53	CIMMYT	336	GEMS35	USA	506	ZZ01	China
167	CIMBL54	CIMMYT	337	GEMS36	USA	507	ZZ03	China
168	CIMBL56	CIMMYT	338	GEMS37	USA
169	CIMBL57	CIMMYT	339	GEMS39	USA
170	CIMBL58	CIMMYT	340	GEMS4	USA

Table S1

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性状 Trait	测定方法 Assessment	单位 Unit
穗长EL	果穗顶部到基部的长度 The length of a maize ear from ear top to ear base.	cm
穗行数ER	果穗籽粒的行数 The ear row number of a maize ear.
穗粗ED	果穗中下部(约2/3处)的直径 The ear diameter in the lower-middle part (about two thirds) of maize ear.	cm
轴粗CD	果穗中下部(约2/3处)穗轴的直径 The cob diameter in the lower-middle part (about two thirds) of maize cob.	cm
粒长KL	1/2(ED-CD)	cm
粒宽KW	Pi(π)×ED/ER	cm
粒厚KT	果穗中部随机挑取5颗籽粒, 测定其厚度 We randomly selected 5 seeds from the middle of the maize ear and measured their thickness.	cm
百粒重HKW	果穗中部的籽粒中随机挑取100粒, 测定其总重量 We randomly selected 100 seeds from the middle of the maize ear and measured their weight.	g

性状 Trait	HL-1	HL-4	AB-RILs
性状 Trait	平均值±标准差 Mean±SD	平均值±标准差Mean±SD	最小值 Min.	最大值 Max.	平均值±标准差Mean±SD	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis
EL (cm)	14.08±1.97	10.05±1.52	5.50	21.30	11.02±1.92	0.43	0.64
ER	16.29±1.39	20.06±1.90	10.00	30.00	18.02±2.70	0.21	0.02
ED (cm)	4.77±0.40	4.13±0.24	2.92	5.72	4.19±0.38	0.13	0.21
CD (cm)	2.86±0.20	2.62±0.21	1.75	3.87	2.58±0.27	0.55	0.86
KL (cm)	0.95±0.15	0.75±0.11	0.34	1.50	0.81±0.13	-0.09	0.14
KW (cm)	0.92±0.10	0.65±0.06	0.46	1.18	0.74±0.10	0.65	0.71
KT (cm)	0.42±0.03	0.38±0.03	0.26	0.64	0.40±0.05	0.56	1.06
HKW (g)	29.94±4.19	15.74±3.66	6.72	35.90	19.58±4.43	0.14	-0.19

环境 Environment	穗长 EL	穗行数 ER	穗粗 ED	轴粗 CD	粒长 KL	粒宽 KW	粒厚 KT	百粒重 HKW
2019湖北 2019HB	0.900	0.941	0.897	0.910	0.865	0.945	0.887	0.915
2019山东 2019SD	0.888	0.897	0.888	0.904	0.768	0.882	0.887	0.896
2020山东 2020SD	0.966	0.960	0.960	0.971	0.922	0.955	0.951	0.956
2020海南 2020HN	0.942	0.950	0.955	0.960	0.904	0.925	0.943	0.954
2021湖北 2021HB	0.945	0.937	0.940	0.941	0.905	0.923	0.881	0.911
2021山东 2021SD	0.941	0.936	0.952	0.940	0.908	0.924	0.909	0.917
多环境Multiple environments	0.784	0.853	0.792	0.838	0.697	0.846	0.745	0.751

染色体 Chr.	Bin标记 Bin-marker	物理距离 Physical distance (Mb)	遗传距离 Genetic distance (cM)	标记间的平均距离 Average distance between markers (cM)	小于5 cM的间距数 < 5 cM gap	最大的间距 Max. gap (cM)
1	324	306.26	237.77	0.74	323	4.30
2	255	244.41	171.70	0.68	254	2.90
3	278	234.80	204.95	0.74	277	3.17
4	260	245.96	215.26	0.83	259	3.95
5	232	223.30	175.63	0.76	231	3.58
6	158	172.60	117.26	0.75	157	4.80
7	139	180.84	109.31	0.79	138	3.96
8	127	180.30	110.29	0.88	126	3.31
9	173	158.56	127.02	0.74	172	4.27
10	132	149.96	99.23	0.76	131	3.57
合计Total	2078	2096.99	1568.42	0.767	2068	4.80

基因 Gene	染色体 Chr.		功能注释 Function annotation	QTL
Zm00001d002168	2		Receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase SD1-8	qER-2
Zm00001d002177	2		NA	qER-2
Zm00001d002184	2		Peroxisome biogenesis protein 22	qER-2
Zm00001d002185	2		Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase	qER-2
Zm00001d042998	3		UPF0051 protein ABCI8 chloroplastic	qEL-3
Zm00001d043036	3		lbd20-LBD-transcription factor 20	qEL-3
Zm00001d052570	4		Cation-chloride cotransporter 1	qCD-4-2/qED-4
Zm00001d052605	4		Serine-rich adhesin for platelets	qCD-4-2
Zm00001d052845	4		P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases superfamily protein	qER-4-2
Zm00001d052911	4	RWD domain-containing protein			qER-4-2
Zm00001d052918	4	Ubiquitin-protein ligase/ zinc ion binding protein			qER-4-2
Zm00001d052943	4	Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 13			qER-4-2
Zm00001d026223	10	Hydrogen peroxide-induced 1			qHKW-10
Zm00001d026250	10	Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 24			qHKW-10
Zm00001d023503	10	G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kise			qKW-10-1
Zm00001d023537	10	Chaperone protein dJ GFA2 mitochondrial			qER-10-1
Zm00001d023582	10	L-ascorbate peroxidase S chloroplastic/mitochondrial			qER-10-1
Zm00001d023710	10	Small R degrading nuclease 5			qER-10-1
Zm00001d023718	10	Flavin monooxygese			qER-10-1

Mapping of QTL for ear-related traits and prediction of key candidate genes in maize

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QTL	基因 Gene	染色体 Chr.	基因描述 Gene description	参考文献 Reference
krn1	krn1 (Zm00001d034629)	1	It regulates spikelet pair meristem numbers and then enhanced kernel row numbers.	[29]
qEL1	YIGE1 (Zm00001d028915)	1	It regulates ear length and kernel number per row by affecting female inflorescence number involving the signaling pathways of sugar and auxin.	[30]
KRN4	KRN4	4	KRN4 regulates the variation of maize ear row number by regulating the expression of UB3 gene.	[31]
qKM4.08	ZmVPS29 (Zm00001d053371)	4	It is involved in kernel morphology variance.	[32]
qKNR6	KNR6 (Zm00001d036602)	6	It determines pistillate floret number and ear length.	[33]
qEL7	ZmACO2 (Zm00001d020686)	7	It negatively controls ear length and yield.	[34]
qKW9	qKW9 (Zm00001d048451)	9	It is involved in kernel weight variation.	[24]
HKW9	ZmExpb15 (Zm00001d045861)	9	It controls kernel size and weight by promoting nucellus elimination.	[35]

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