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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 118-130.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55034

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Genetic differentiation of peg strength and analysis of major influencing factors in peanut germplasm

Sun Chen-Shuo1(), Zhang Yue1, Tian Ze-Kai1, Yan Li-Ying1, Kang Yan-Ping1, Chen Yu-Ning1, Wang Xin1, Huai Dong-Xin1, Wang Qian-Qian1, Jiang Hui-Fang1, Luo Huai-Yong1, Huang Li1, Liao Bo-Shou1, Wang Zhi-Hui1,2,*(), Lei Yong1,*()   

  1. 1Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
    2College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-05-27 Accepted:2025-10-30 Online:2026-01-12 Published:2025-11-04
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangzhihui@caas.cn; E-mail: leiyong@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200201);Development for high-quality Seed Industry of Hubei Province(HBZY2023B003);Innovation Team of Hubei Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center Project(2024620000001031);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-13);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)

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Abstract:

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil crop in China. Due to its unique biological characteristic of “aerial flowering and subterranean fruiting”, it faces a high pod drop rate during harvesting—especially under mechanized conditions—which significantly reduces production efficiency and leads to yield losses. Variations in peg strength among peanut germplasm are a key determinant of pod drop rate during digging operations. Systematically uncovering the variation patterns in peg strength and identifying its primary influencing factors will provide valuable germplasm and technical support for breeding pod drop-resistant varieties. In this study, peg strength and related traits—including peg thickness, lignin content, and cellulose content—were evaluated across 241 representative peanut germplasm accessions. The results showed that the coefficients of variation for the breaking force at both the stem-peg and pod-peg junctions exceeded 30%, indicating substantial phenotypic diversity. Eleven elite germplasm accessions with superior peg strength were identified. Significant differences in peg strength were observed among botanical types, with Valencia and Multigrain types exhibiting significantly higher values than others, suggesting that genetic background has a notable influence on peg strength. Further correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and multiple linear regression revealed a strong positive correlation between peg strength and cellulose content. To validate this, four accessions with extreme phenotypes were selected, and cellulose and lignin contents were measured at four developmental stages of the peg. Accessions with high peg strength consistently exhibited significantly higher cellulose content across all stages compared to those with low peg strength, confirming that cellulose content is a key factor influencing peg strength. This study clarifies the phenotypic variation in peg strength among peanut germplasm and highlights the critical role of cellulose content, providing a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of peg strength and the development of peanut varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting.

Key words: peanut, breaking force at stem-peg, breaking force at pod-peg, genetic differentiation, influencing factor

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of the electric tensile testing machine and measurement of breaking force at stem-peg and pod-peg junctions A: electric tensile testing machine, B: method for determining the breaking force at stem-peg (BFSP); C: method for determining the breaking force at pod-peg (BFPP)."

Fig. 2

Frequency distribution of breaking force at stem-peg (A) and pod-peg (B) junctions in 241 peanut accessions Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig.1."

Table 1

Variation analysis of peg strength among different botanical types of peanut"

植物学类型
Types of botany		 参数
Parameter		 茎-柄节点拉断力
BFSP (N)		 果-柄节点拉断力
BFPP (N)
珍珠豆型
Var. vulgaris		 平均值Average 11.21±2.71 6.44±1.81
最大值Max. 18.19±2.82 14.50±4.00
最小值Min. 5.46±0.74 3.38±1.53
变异系数CV (%) 24.19 28.13
多粒型
Var. fastigiata		 平均值Average 12.98±7.01 5.94±1.50
最大值Max. 28.54±2.19 9.12±5.93
最小值Min. 6.89±0.87 4.15±2.45
变异系数CV (%) 53.99 25.23
中间型
Intermediate		 平均值Average 8.69±1.79 5.95±1.80
最大值Max. 13.83±3.10 11.79±2.52
最小值Min. 5.98±0.39 2.42±1.20
变异系数CV (%) 20.60 30.25
普通型
Var. hypogaea		 平均值Average 7.88±2.46 5.28±1.26
最大值Max. 17.16±3.13 8.25±3.07
最小值Min. 4.17±1.08 3.19±1.99
变异系数CV (%) 31.25 23.88
龙生型
Var. hirsuta		 平均值Average 6.29±1.28 3.80±1.00
最大值Max. 8.31±0.44 5.66±3.45
最小值Min. 4.07±0.76 2.50±1.77
变异系数CV (%) 20.42 26.24

Fig. 3

Comparative analysis of breaking force at stem-peg (A) and pod-peg (B) junctions among different botanical types Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig.1. Asterisks above the box plots indicate significance levels between groups. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ***: P < 0.001; ****: P < 0.0001."

Table 2

Correlation analysis of peg strength-related traits in 241 peanut accessions"

性状
Trait		 茎-柄节点拉断力BFSP 果-柄节点拉断力BFPP 荚壳竖纹
数量
VRN		 茎-柄节点果柄粗度STSP 果-柄节点果柄粗度STPP 纤维素含量CsC 木质素含量LiC
茎-柄节点拉断力BFSP 1.00
果-柄节点拉断力BFPP 0.52** 1.00
荚壳竖纹数量VRN 0.00 -0.06 1.00
茎-柄节点果柄粗度STSP 0.16* 0.22** 0.08 1.00
果-柄节点果柄粗度STPP -0.05 0.11 0.14* 0.38** 1.00
纤维素含量CsC 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.04 -0.07 1.00
木质素含量LiC 0.10 0.01 -0.10 -0.11 0.04 0 1.00

Fig. 4

Correlation analysis of peg strength-related traits in different botanical types A-E: correlation analysis of peduncle breaking force-related traits of Var. fastigiate, Var. vulgaris, intermediate, Var. hirsute and Var. hypogaea. * indicates significant correlation among accessions at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05); ** indicates significant correlation at the 0.01 level (P < 0.01). Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2."

Table 3

Principal component analysis of peg strength in 241 peanut accessions"

指标
Index		 主成分Principal component
PC1 PC2 PC3
茎-柄节点拉断力BFSP (N) 0.26 0.50 0.01
果-柄节点拉断力BFPP (N) 0.29 0.42 -0.20
荚壳竖纹数量VRN 0.30 -0.29 0.17
茎-柄节点果柄粗度STSP (mm) 0.36 -0.21 -0.27
果-柄节点果柄粗度STPP (mm) 0.29 -0.39 -0.11
果柄木质素含量LiC (mg g-1) 0.11 0.18 0.23
果柄纤维素含量CsC (mg g-1) 0.12 -0.01 0.88
特征值Eigenvalue 2.09 1.35 1.01
贡献率Contribution (%) 29.78 19.28 14.47
累计贡献率Accumulative contribution (%) 29.78 49.06 63.53

Table 4

Principal component analysis of peg strength in different botanical types"

性状
Trait		 多粒型
Var. vulgaris		 珍珠豆型
Var. fastigiata		 龙生型
Var. hirsuta		 普通型
Var. hypogaea		 中间型
Intermediate
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC1 PC2 PC3
茎-柄节点拉断力BFSP (N) 0.88 0.12 — 0.70 -0.43 0.08 0.59 -0.23 -0.63 0.40 0.62 -0.32 0.84 -0.13 0.24
果-柄节点拉断力BFPP (N) 0.83 0.34 — 0.69 -0.42 0.08 0.72 0.25 -0.14 0.67 0.29 -0.41 0.08 0.61 0.24
荚壳竖纹数VRN 0.72 -0.31 — 0.35 0.55 -0.15 -0.38 0.76 0.01 0.43 -0.14 0.58 -0.54 -0.58 0.27
茎-柄节点果柄粗度STSP (mm) 0.73 -0.04 — 0.72 0.30 -0.16 0.77 -0.20 0.10 0.60 -0.48 -0.29 -0.57 0.43 0.13
果-柄节点果柄粗度STPP (mm) 0.61 -0.28 — 0.59 0.54 0.05 0.35 -0.31 0.83 0.57 -0.58 0.18 -0.26 0.51 -0.66
果柄木质素含量LiC (mg g-1) 0.67 -0.10 — 0.23 -0.58 0.10 0.30 0.70 0.18 0.29 0.47 0.49 0.31 0.54 0.56
果柄纤维素含量CsC (mg g-1) 0.10 0.98 — 0.01 0.24 0.96 -0.61 -0.47 -0.07 0.25 0.42 0.30 0.70 -0.05 -0.49
特征值Eigenvalue 3.35 1.29 — 2.02 1.43 1.00 2.19 1.53 1.15 1.62 1.44 1.06 1.98 1.47 1.19
贡献率Contribution (%) 47.84 18.37 — 28.83 20.39 14.29 31.24 21.82 16.40 23.09 20.56 15.07 28.27 21.03 17.05
累计贡献率Accumulative contribution (%) 47.84 66.21 — 28.83 49.22 63.51 31.24 53.06 69.46 23.09 43.65 58.72 28.27 49.30 66.36

Table 5

Elite germplasm with high breaking force at both stem-peg and pod-peg junctions"

材料名称
Sample name		 材料类型
Sample type		 植物学类型
Types of botany		 茎-柄节点拉断力
BFSP (N)		 果-柄节点拉断力
BFPP (N)
CE242 资源Germplasm 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 14.03±1.07 8.93±1.50
CE159 资源Germplasm 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 14.38±4.06 9.22±0.91
CE302 资源Germplasm 多粒型Var. fastigiata 15.32±1.64 10.45±1.25
CE248 资源Germplasm 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 15.41±2.06 7.02±1.78
HP17 品系Bred strain 多粒型Var. fastigiata 28.54±2.19 9.12±5.93
贺油11 Heyou 11 育成品种Cultivated variety 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 18.06±1.44 8.48±2.89
泉花551 Quanhua 551 育成品种Cultivated variety 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 15.03±1.29 9.93±0.22
粤油1701 Yueyou 1701 育成品种Cultivated variety 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 18.19±2.02 9.96±3.04
湛油75 Zhanyou 75 育成品种Cultivated variety 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 15.08±3.49 9.47±0.70
湛油82 Zhanyou 82 育成品种Cultivated variety 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 16.05±1.94 9.73±0.91
仲凯花4号 Zhongkaihua 4 育成品种Cultivated variety 珍珠豆型Var. vulgaris 15.08±2.64 14.50±4.01

Fig. 5

Comparative analysis of lignin and cellulose content in materials with significantly different peg strength Breaking force at stem-peg junction, breaking force at pod-peg junction, peg lignin content, and peg cellulose content of the four materials (CE079, CE082, CE248, CE302) are shown in A-D, respectively. Different capital letters within the same developmental stage indicate highly significant differences among accessions at the 0.01 level (P < 0.01); different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05). DAF: days after flowering. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2."

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