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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (10): 2939-2960.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.64051

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Screening of salt-tolerant germplasm resources and analysis of salt tolerance mechanisms in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) during germination

Wang Jin-Yan1,2(), Shi Kun1,2(), Lyu Qing-Fei1,2, Yuan Zheng1,2, Li Chen-Hao1,2, Zhang Ze-Yan1,2, Yan Jian-Jun1,2, Yan Hu-Bin1,2, Zhu Hui-Jun1,2, Hao Qing-Ting1,2, Zhao Xue-Ying1,2, Zhang Yao-Wen1,2, Gao Wei1,2,*(), Wang Qian1,2,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University / Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province (Minor Crops Bio-breeding Laboratory in Shanxi Province), Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
    2 Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2026-04-20 Accepted:2026-07-15 Online:2026-10-12 Published:2026-07-24
  • Contact: Wang Qian, E-mail: 15101537964@163.com;Gao Wei, E-mail: gw3789@126.com
  • About author:** Contributed equally to this work
  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Innovation Enhancement Project of Shanxi Agricultural University(CXGC202430);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (Edible Bean);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-08-G10);Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301928);Self-funded Project of Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province (Minor Crops Bio-breeding Laboratory in Shanxi Province)(202404010930003-Y02)

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Abstract:

The continuous expansion of saline-alkali land poses a serious challenge to crop production. Exploring salt-tolerant germplasm resources in adzuki bean and elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance are of great significance for expanding the suitable planting area of adzuki bean and ensuring food security. In this study, 110 adzuki bean germplasm resources were used as experimental materials. Based on membership function analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), 11 growth indices were reduced to three comprehensive indices. Accordingly, the salt-tolerant cultivar Dongzhangxiaohongdou and the salt-sensitive cultivar Tehong 3 were identified. Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that Dongzhangxiaohongdou exhibited significantly stronger antioxidant capacity and osmotic adjustment ability than Tehong 3. Transcriptome analysis identified 3801 and 7811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in salt-treated Dongzhangxiaohongdou and Tehong 3, respectively, compared with their corresponding control groups. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in biological processes such as metabolic pathways and cellular processes. Integrated transcriptomic analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation further identified three putative salt tolerance-associated genes, LOC108343245, LOC108346293, and LOC108331871, which were primarily involved in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. This study successfully identified salt-tolerant adzuki bean germplasm resources and suggests that the identified salt-responsive genes may regulate salt tolerance in adzuki bean through starch and sucrose metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for breeding new salt-tolerant adzuki bean varieties and promoting the rational utilization of saline-alkali soils.

Key words: adzuki bean, salt treatment, salt tolerance assessment, transcriptome analysis, starch and sucrose metabolism

Table S1

Source information for 110 adzuki bean germplasm resources"

编号
No.		 名称
Name		 来源
Source
XD001 赤豆 Chidou 中国甘肃 Gansu, China
XD002 红豆 Hongdou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD003 陕州红小豆Shaanzhouhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD004 石门红豆 Shimenhongdou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD005 东掌小红豆Dongzhangxiaohongdou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD006 油城红小豆Youchenghongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD007 东齐红小豆Dongqihongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD008 大籽绿小豆Dazilyuxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD009 鹤壁白小豆Hebibaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD010 长垣红小豆Changyuanhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD011 东吴老家小豆 Dongwulaojiaxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD012 东关红小豆Dongguanhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD013 子洲红小豆-1 Zizhouhongxiaodou-1 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD014 子洲红小豆-2 Zizhouhongxiaodou-2 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD015 子洲红小豆-3 Zizhouhongxiaodou-3 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD016 子洲小粒红豆Zizhouxiaolihongdou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD017 子洲红小豆-4 Zizhouhongxiaodou-4 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD018 响水红小豆Xiangshuihongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD019 关镇红小豆Guanzhenhongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD020 洛川老红小豆Luochuanlaohongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD021 宜君红小豆Yijunhongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD022 红小豆 Hongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD023 同红8号 Tonghong 8 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD024 汾小豆9号 Fenxiaodou 9 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD025 晋小豆9号 Jinxiaodou 9 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD026 冀红12512 Jihong 12512 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD027 冀红04096 Jihong 04096 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD028 唐红73-9 Tanghong 73-9 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD029 保红201449-1 Baohong 201449-1 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD030 保红201221-6 Baohong 201221-6 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD031 BH2013-1253-2 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD032 202002-1 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD033 202002-2 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD034 冀红0015 Jihong 0015 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD035 特红3号 Tehong 3 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD036 晋小豆10号 Jinxiaodou 10 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD037 红饭豆 Hongfandou 中国甘肃 Gansu, China
XD038 环县黄小豆Huanxianhuangxiaodou 中国甘肃 Gansu, China
XD039 环县麻小豆Huanxianmaxiaodou 中国甘肃 Gansu, China
XD040 汝阳白小豆Ruyangbaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD041 林州红小豆Linzhouhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD042 湖滨红小豆Hubinhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD043 湖滨绿小豆Hubinlyuxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD044 陕州绿小豆Shaanzhoulyuxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD045 陕州红小豆Shaanzhouhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD046 渑池红小豆Mianchihongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD047 渑池白小豆Mianchibaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD048 灵宝绿小豆Lingbaolyuxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD049 卢氏绿小豆Lushilyuxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD050 卢氏县红小豆Lushixianhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD051 肥泉小红豆Feiquanxiaohongdou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD052 禹州小豇豆 Yuzhouxiaojiangdou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD053 朱阳白小豆Zhuyangbaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD054 安阳白小豆Anyangbaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD055 小豆 Xiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD056 许昌白小豆 Xuchangbaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD057 汝州红小豆 Ruzhouhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD058 槲漫村小红豆 Humancunxiaohongdou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD059 新乡红小豆 Xinxianghongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD060 闫凹红小豆 Yan’aohongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD061 珍珠红小豆 Zhenzhuhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD062 青要山笨小豆Qingyaoshanbenxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD063 飞王红小豆 Feiwanghongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD064 东岭红小豆Donglinghongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD065 卫辉红小豆 Weihuihongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD066 同山红小豆 Tongshanhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD067 子洲红小豆-5 Zizhouhongxiaodou-5 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD068 岚皋红小豆-1 Langaohongxiaodou-1 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD069 商南红小豆-1 Shangnanhongxiaodou-1 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD070 胡家咀红小豆 Hujiazuihongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD071 六郎红小豆 Liulanghongxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD072 铜川绿小豆Tongchuanlyuxiaodou 中国陕西 Shaanxi, China
XD073 宣化红小豆 Xuanhuahongxiaodou 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD074 高唐白小豆 Gaotangbaixiaodou 中国山东 Shandong, China
XD075 菏泽绿小豆 Hezelyuxiaodou 中国山东 Shandong, China
XD076 汝南红小豆 Runanhongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD077 方城红小豆 Fangchenghongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD078 郸城白小豆Danchengbaixiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD079 三门峡红小豆 Sanmenxiahongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD080 义马红小豆 Yimahongxiaodou 中国河南 Henan, China
XD081 平陆红小豆 Pingluhongxiaodou 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD082 大宁园小豆 Daningyuanxiaodou 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD083 襄垣麻小豆Xiangyuanmaxiaodou 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD084 菏泽红小豆 Hezehongxiaodou 中国山东 Shandong, China
XD085 呼和浩特红小豆 Huhehaotehongxiaodou 中国内蒙古 Inner Mongolia, China
XD086 保9326-16 Bao 9326-16 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD087 冀红12号 Jihong 12 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD088 冀红18号 Jihong 18 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD089 TS-3 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD090 TS-4 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD091 TS-7 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD092 TS-8 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD093 TS-9 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD094 TS-10 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD095 TS-11 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD096 TS-12 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD097 TS-13 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD098 TS-15 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD099 TS-16 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD100 TS-20 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD101 TS-23 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD102 TS-24 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD103 TS-26 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD104 佛光红小豆 Foguanghongxiaodou 中国山西 Shanxi, China
XD105 日本茶壳早生红小豆 Ribenchakezaoshenghongxiaodou 日本 Japan
XD106 京农3号 Jingnong 3 中国北京 Beijing, China
XD107 冀红28 Jihong 28 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD108 保M951-12 Bao M951-12 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD109 刘家铺特早熟小豆Liujiaputezaoshuxiaodou 中国河北 Hebei, China
XD110 日本红小豆(涿州) Ribenhongxiaodou (Zhuozhou) 日本 Japan

Table 1

Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR"

引物名称
Primer name		 正向引物序列
Forward primer sequence (5′-3′)		 反向引物序列
Reverse primer sequence (5′-3′)
gene-LOC108343245 GACTTGTGGGTTGCCAACAT CTTGTCCCAGTGAGATGGGT
gene-LOC108346293 TTGCAAATGCGGGAATCACT GCAGCAATCAGGGACTTCAG
gene-LOC108331871 ATTTGCCCGACAACTACAGC AAACGACGTCGGATGGAGTA
Actin CAGTGTCTGGATTGGAGGCT GTCCTCGACCACTTGATG

Table 2

Descriptive statistical analysis of growth indices in 110 adzuki bean germplasm resources under salt treatment and control conditions"

指标
Indicator		 处理
Treatment		 最小值
Min.		 最大值
Max.		 平均值
Average		 标准差
SD		 变异系数
CV (%)
GP (%) CK 36.70 100.00 58.67 20.43 34.81
ST 0 56.70 2.33 7.76 —
GR (%) CK 83.30 100.00 95.22 4.73 4.97
ST 0 96.70 35.69 23.69 66.38
LRN CK 2.00 23.00 10.76 4.01 37.27
ST 0 4.00 0.10 0.56 0.58
GL (cm) CK 0.81 1.82 1.43 0.17 0.12
ST 0 0.71 0.02 0.10 —
RL (cm) CK 0.58 11.80 7.49 1.95 0.26
ST 0.20 6.22 1.00 0.93 0.93
FWG (mg) CK 7.60 194.00 20.61 22.68 1.10
ST 0 82.00 0.14 0.81 5.79
FWR (mg) CK 21.00 142.22 67.60 19.64 0.29
ST 0 82.00 8.43 9.05 1.07
DWG (mg) CK 0.20 4.70 2.37 0.71 0.30
ST 0 0.56 0.01 0.06 6.91
DWR (mg) CK 1.30 8.80 4.73 1.41 0.30
ST 0 6.60 0.66 0.72 1.08
GI CK 6.57 14.29 9.84 2.24 0.23
ST 0 9.62 1.74 1.54 0.88
VI CK 281.90 1087.26 682.23 316.31 0.46
ST 0 239.32 19.76 33.19 1.68

Fig. 1

Distribution characteristics of growth indicators in 110 adzuki bean germplasm resources before and after salt treatment Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. CK: control; ST: salt treatment."

Fig. 2

Correlation analysis of different indicators in adzuki bean under salt treatment RGP: relative germination potential; RGR: relative germination rate; RLRN: relative lateral root number; RGL: relative germ length; RRL: relative radicle length; RFWG: relative fresh weight of germ; RFWR: relative fresh weight of radicle; RDWG: relative dry weight of germ; RDWR: relative dry weight of radicle; RGI: relative germination index; RVI: relative vigor index. *, **, and *** indicate significant correlations at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively."

Table 3

Eigenvalues of the first three principal components, loading matrix of the original indicators, and contribution rates to phenotypic variation"

相对生长指标
Relative growth rate		 主成分1
PC1		 主成分2
PC2		 主成分3
PC3
相对发芽势Relative germination potential (RGP, %) 0.76 -0.28 -0.04
相对发芽率Relative germination rate (RGR, %) 0.72 0.40 -0.48
相对侧根数Relative lateral root number (RLRN) 0.64 -0.09 -0.01
相对胚芽长Relative germ length (RGL, %) 0.85 -0.44 0.19
相对胚根长Relative radicle length (RRL, %) 0.36 0.41 -0.27
相对胚芽鲜重Relative fresh weight of germ (RFWG, %) 0.84 -0.41 0.19
相对胚根鲜重Relative fresh weight of radicle (RFWR, %) 0.28 0.70 0.63
相对胚芽干重Relative dry weight of germ (RDWG, %) 0.74 -0.48 0.17
相对胚根干重Relative dry weight of radicle (RDWR, %) 0.28 0.34 -0.13
相对发芽指数Relative germination index (RGI, %) 0.83 0.24 -0.38
相对活力指数Relative vigor index (RVI, %) 0.67 0.64 0.30
特征值Eigenvalue 4.90 2.01 1.06
贡献率 Contribution rate (%) 44.54 18.30 9.61
累计贡献率 Accumulative contribution rate (%) 44.54 62.84 72.46

Table 4

Comprehensive index values (CI), membership function values U(x), comprehensive evaluation value (D), and salt tolerance rankings of 110 adzuki bean germplasm resources"

编号
No.		 综合指标值
Composite index value		 隶属函数值
Membership function value		 D-value 排序
Rank
CI(1) CI(2) CI(3) U(2) U(2) U(3)
XD005 5.943 -1.842 1.035 1.000 0.212 0.292 0.707 1
XD003 5.428 -3.768 1.730 0.924 0.000 0.368 0.617 2
XD073 1.103 5.301 7.522 0.288 1.000 1.000 0.563 3
XD002 3.514 -2.186 0.361 0.643 0.174 0.218 0.468 4
XD106 2.116 1.789 -1.414 0.437 0.613 0.024 0.427 5
XD025 0.475 2.261 1.682 0.196 0.665 0.362 0.337 6
XD056 1.010 1.670 -1.261 0.275 0.600 0.041 0.326 7
XD052 0.791 1.746 -0.435 0.242 0.608 0.131 0.320 8
XD053 0.911 1.630 -1.292 0.260 0.595 0.038 0.315 9
XD089 0.849 1.966 -1.637 0.251 0.632 0.000 0.314 10
XD095 0.561 1.600 0.225 0.209 0.592 0.203 0.305 11
XD090 0.702 1.370 -0.446 0.229 0.567 0.130 0.301 12
XD092 0.538 1.512 -0.473 0.205 0.582 0.127 0.290 13
XD093 0.538 1.521 -0.602 0.205 0.583 0.113 0.289 14
XD055 0.618 1.325 -0.960 0.217 0.562 0.074 0.285 15
XD094 0.453 1.799 -1.233 0.193 0.614 0.044 0.280 16
XD029 0.856 -0.419 0.371 0.252 0.369 0.219 0.277 17
XD008 0.901 0.005 -1.611 0.258 0.416 0.003 0.264 18
XD085 0.788 -0.058 -0.842 0.242 0.409 0.087 0.264 19
XD057 0.455 1.008 -0.935 0.193 0.527 0.077 0.262 20
XD026 0.051 1.177 0.411 0.134 0.545 0.224 0.250 21
XD058 0.403 0.789 -1.147 0.185 0.503 0.054 0.248 22
XD099 0.301 0.791 -0.969 0.170 0.503 0.073 0.241 23
XD051 0.274 0.707 -0.832 0.166 0.493 0.088 0.239 24
XD004 0.487 0.121 -1.126 0.198 0.429 0.056 0.237 25
XD091 0.183 0.457 -0.234 0.153 0.466 0.153 0.232 26
XD109 0.298 0.550 -1.234 0.170 0.476 0.044 0.231 27
XD009 0.385 -0.040 -0.813 0.183 0.411 0.090 0.228 28
XD096 -0.053 0.520 0.257 0.118 0.473 0.207 0.220 29
XD028 0.110 0.429 -0.611 0.142 0.463 0.112 0.219 30
XD047 0.042 0.428 -0.423 0.132 0.463 0.133 0.216 31
XD050 0.082 0.467 -0.828 0.138 0.467 0.088 0.215 32
XD007 0.207 0.041 -0.814 0.156 0.420 0.090 0.214 33
XD086 0.024 0.345 -0.446 0.130 0.453 0.130 0.212 34
XD083 0.215 -0.278 -0.635 0.158 0.385 0.109 0.209 35
XD084 0.208 -0.542 -0.260 0.157 0.356 0.150 0.206 36
XD042 -0.038 0.762 -1.473 0.121 0.499 0.018 0.203 37
XD022 -0.088 0.295 -0.324 0.113 0.448 0.143 0.202 38
XD108 -0.153 0.252 -0.027 0.104 0.443 0.176 0.199 39
XD012 -0.105 0.180 -0.299 0.111 0.435 0.146 0.197 40
XD100 -0.140 0.147 -0.090 0.105 0.432 0.169 0.196 41
XD060 -0.055 0.082 -0.585 0.118 0.425 0.115 0.195 42
XD062 -0.041 0.068 -0.724 0.120 0.423 0.100 0.194 43
XD097 -0.170 0.091 0.005 0.101 0.425 0.179 0.194 44
XD013 -0.149 0.501 -0.930 0.104 0.471 0.077 0.193 45
XD110 -0.129 0.189 -0.511 0.107 0.436 0.123 0.193 46
XD081 -0.051 0.040 -1.041 0.119 0.420 0.065 0.188 47
XD021 -0.355 0.087 0.704 0.074 0.425 0.256 0.187 48
XD038 -0.194 0.330 -0.826 0.098 0.452 0.089 0.186 49
XD103 -0.215 -0.050 -0.114 0.095 0.410 0.166 0.184 50
XD010 -0.088 -0.270 -0.488 0.113 0.386 0.125 0.184 51
XD034 -0.288 -0.003 0.217 0.084 0.415 0.202 0.183 52
XD030 -0.257 -0.056 0.098 0.088 0.409 0.189 0.183 53
XD088 -0.333 0.041 0.386 0.077 0.420 0.221 0.183 54
XD019 -0.146 -0.081 -0.578 0.105 0.407 0.116 0.182 55
XD098 -0.242 -0.025 -0.128 0.090 0.413 0.165 0.182 56
XD077 -0.178 -0.098 -0.663 0.100 0.405 0.106 0.178 57
XD040 -0.290 -0.156 0.027 0.083 0.398 0.182 0.176 58
XD041 -0.321 -0.120 0.069 0.079 0.402 0.186 0.175 59
XD049 -0.278 -0.175 -0.096 0.085 0.396 0.168 0.175 60
XD063 -0.306 -0.168 0.018 0.081 0.397 0.181 0.174 61
XD024 -0.321 -0.103 -0.019 0.079 0.404 0.177 0.174 62
XD018 -0.234 -0.223 -0.336 0.092 0.391 0.142 0.174 63
XD102 -0.399 -0.167 0.349 0.067 0.397 0.217 0.171 64
XD023 -0.307 -0.207 -0.233 0.081 0.393 0.153 0.169 65
XD039 -0.314 -0.299 -0.246 0.080 0.382 0.152 0.166 66
XD101 -0.433 -0.236 0.364 0.062 0.389 0.218 0.166 67
XD036 -0.312 -0.317 -0.297 0.080 0.381 0.146 0.165 68
XD104 -0.356 -0.295 -0.069 0.074 0.383 0.171 0.165 69
XD076 -0.312 -0.340 -0.473 0.080 0.378 0.127 0.162 70
XD044 -0.379 -0.377 -0.069 0.070 0.374 0.171 0.161 71
XD061 -0.380 -0.380 -0.091 0.070 0.374 0.169 0.160 72
XD015 -0.400 -0.365 -0.056 0.067 0.375 0.173 0.159 73
XD020 -0.435 -0.388 0.194 0.062 0.373 0.200 0.159 74
XD105 -0.364 -0.413 -0.223 0.073 0.370 0.154 0.159 75
XD068 -0.457 -0.366 0.219 0.059 0.375 0.203 0.158 76
XD070 -0.454 -0.388 0.232 0.059 0.373 0.204 0.158 77
XD107 -0.536 -0.341 0.535 0.047 0.378 0.237 0.156 78
XD037 -0.507 -0.437 0.346 0.052 0.367 0.217 0.153 79
XD087 -0.599 -0.354 0.710 0.038 0.376 0.256 0.153 80
XD043 -0.552 -0.318 0.344 0.045 0.380 0.216 0.152 81
XD079 -0.536 -0.453 0.354 0.047 0.365 0.217 0.150 82
XD059 -0.498 -0.545 0.138 0.053 0.355 0.194 0.148 83
XD045 -0.573 -0.503 0.486 0.042 0.360 0.232 0.147 84
XD082 -0.547 -0.505 0.315 0.046 0.360 0.213 0.147 85
XD027 -0.595 -0.499 0.591 0.039 0.360 0.243 0.147 86
XD074 -0.536 -0.546 0.194 0.047 0.355 0.200 0.145 87
XD054 -0.587 -0.658 0.713 0.040 0.343 0.257 0.145 88
XD065 -0.566 -0.548 0.359 0.043 0.355 0.218 0.145 89
XD075 -0.571 -0.558 0.362 0.042 0.354 0.218 0.144 90
XD014 -0.536 -0.590 0.182 0.047 0.350 0.199 0.144 91
XD048 -0.596 -0.586 0.503 0.038 0.351 0.234 0.143 92
XD011 -0.576 -0.606 0.359 0.041 0.349 0.218 0.142 93
XD067 -0.627 -0.638 0.487 0.034 0.345 0.232 0.139 94
XD064 -0.636 -0.645 0.517 0.033 0.344 0.235 0.138 95
XD017 -0.610 -0.696 0.417 0.036 0.339 0.224 0.138 96
XD001 -0.599 -0.679 0.317 0.038 0.341 0.213 0.138 97
XD046 -0.696 -0.651 0.813 0.024 0.344 0.267 0.137 98
XD078 -0.701 -0.619 0.644 0.023 0.347 0.249 0.135 99
XD033 -0.637 -0.718 0.397 0.032 0.336 0.222 0.134 100
XD080 -0.695 -0.699 0.565 0.024 0.338 0.240 0.132 101
XD071 -0.725 -0.724 0.749 0.020 0.336 0.260 0.131 102
XD072 -0.769 -0.753 0.851 0.013 0.332 0.272 0.128 103
XD069 -0.781 -0.804 0.842 0.011 0.327 0.271 0.125 104
XD006 -0.784 -0.822 0.765 0.011 0.325 0.262 0.124 105
XD032 -0.802 -0.887 0.795 0.008 0.318 0.266 0.121 106
XD066 -0.819 -0.875 0.873 0.006 0.319 0.274 0.121 107
XD031 -0.826 -0.924 0.915 0.005 0.314 0.279 0.119 108
XD016 -0.826 -0.992 0.761 0.005 0.306 0.262 0.115 109
XD035 -0.857 -1.020 0.846 0.000 0.303 0.271 0.113 110

Fig. 3

Cluster analysis of salt tolerance in 110 adzuki bean germplasm resources The corresponding varieties are the same as those given in Table S1."

Fig. 4

Phenotypic differences in germination between Tehong 3 and Dongzhangxiaohongdou under salt stress Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. TCK: Tehong 3 control; DCK: Dongzhangxiaohongdou control; TST: Tehong 3 under salt treatment; DST: Dongzhangxiaohongdou under salt treatment. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P < 0.05) (n = 3). Scale bar: 1 cm."

Fig. 5

Effects of salt treatment on physiological indices of Tehong 3 and Dongzhangxiaohongdou Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 4. CAT: catalase; POD: peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; SS: soluble sugar; ST: starch; Pro: proline. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P < 0.05) (n = 3)."

Fig. 6

Transcriptome analysis of Dongzhangxiaohongdou and Tehong 3 under salt stress A: sample clustering heatmap; B: principal component analysis (PCA) plot; C: volcano plots of differentially expressed genes. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 4."

Fig. S1

GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between Dongzhangxiaohongdou and Tehong 3 under salt stress A: GO enrichment analysis of DCK vs DST; B: GO enrichment analysis of TCK vs TST; C: KEGG enrichment bubble plot of DCK vs DST; D: KEGG enrichment bubble plot of TCK vs TST. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 4."

Fig. 7

Three differentially expressed genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism pathways Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 4. Partial map of the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, showing the positions and catalytic relationships of sucrose synthase (SUS), α-amylase (AMY), and 4-α-glucanotransferase (malQ). For each enzyme, the left panel shows the relative expression level from transcriptome data (bar plot), and the right panel shows the relative expression level validated by qRT-PCR (bar plot). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P < 0.05); n = 3. Rectangles represent genes, and ovals represent metabolites."

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