测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.00457

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

于2007—2008和2008—2009小麦生长季, 以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料, 在山东兖州小孟镇史王村(35.41°N, 116.41°E)采用大田试验, 研究了4种灌水处理对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 不灌水的W0处理(土壤相对含水量为播种期80% + 拔节期65% + 开花期65%)成熟期干物质积累量最低, W1处理(土壤相对含水量为播种期80% + 拔节期70% + 开花期70%)成熟期干物质积累量最高, 籽粒干物质分配量显著高于W2处理(土壤相对含水量为播种期80% + 拔节期80% + 开花期80%)和W3处理(土壤相对含水量为播种期90% + 拔节期80% + 开花期80%)；开花前贮藏在营养器官中的干物质开花后向籽粒的再分配量和再分配率均为W0>W3>W2>W1, 开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率为W1>W2>W3>W0；W1处理在灌浆末期保持较高灌浆速率和净光合速率, 提高了开花后干物质的积累量和向籽粒的分配比例, 有利于增加粒重；W0处理水分利用效率较高, 但产量最低；灌水处理的籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率、降水利用效率和灌溉效益两生长季均随测墒补灌量的增加而显著降低。综合两年结果, W1是本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌溉处理, 其播种期、拔节期和开花期设计0~140 cm土层土壤平均相对含水量分别为80%、70%和70%, 在两个小麦生长季中, 通过测墒, 分别补充灌水43.8 mm和13.8 mm, 灌溉水和降水的利用效率最高, 并获得了最高籽粒产量, 分别为8837.8 kg hm^-²和9040.9 kg hm^-²。

关键词: 冬小麦, 土壤含水量, 节水灌溉, 干物质积累与分配, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

Water shortage is a serious problem threatening sustainable agricultural development in the North China Plain (NCP), where winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water-consuming crop. Water-saving technique is one of the most important components in wheat cultivation system in this area. The purpose of this study was to optimize irrigation scheduling for high yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat. Unlike earlier studies in which fixed irrigation amounts were given, we designed a ladder of relative soil moisture content at critical growth stages of wheat. The results are expected to provide general and valuable guidelines to farmers and irrigation managers in high-yielding wheat production in the NCP. The field experiments was conducted with the cultivar of Jimai 22 in Shiwang village (35.41°N, 116.41°E), Yanzhou, Shandong, China in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons. The irrigation treatments were designed based on the contents of relative soil moisture at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages which were 80%, 65%, and 65% for treatment W0; 80%, 70%, and 70% for treatment W1; 80%, 80%, and 80% for treatment W2; 90%, 80%, and 80% for treatment W3, respectively. The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat plants were investigated subject to soil moisture and supplemental irrigation. The results showed that dry matter accumulation amount in treatment W0 was the lowest whereas that in treatment W1 was the highest at maturity stage. The grain dry matter ratio was significantly higher in treatment W1 than in treatments W2 and W3. After anthesis, the redistribution amount and the ratio of dry matter that stored in vegetative organs before anthesis were presented as W0>W3>W2>W1, and the contribution of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grains as W1>W2>W3>W0. Under the W1 condition, the filling rate and net photosynthetic rate maintained a relative high level at the end of filling stage, which was favorable for increasing the accumulation and distribution ratio of dry matter and the grain weight at maturity. The WUE in treatment W0 was higher than that in other treatments. However, the grain yield was the lowest in treatment W0. In both growing seasons, the grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_I), precipitation use efficiency (WUE_P), and irrigation benefit (IB) in the three irrigation treatments decreased significantly as more water was supplied. Under the experimental condition, the W1 regime was considered as the optimal irrigation treatment, whose relative soil moisture content80% at sowing, 70% at jointing, and 70% at anthesis stage. When 43.8 and 13.8 mm of water was supplied in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons, the final grain yield reached the highest level of 8 837.8 kg ha^-1 for 2007–2008 and 9 040.9 kg ha^-1 for 2008–2009 with the highest WUE_I and WUE_P.s in the 0–140 cm soil layer were

Key words: Winter wheat, Soil moisture content, Water-saving irrigation, Dry matter accumulation and distribution, Water use efficiency

韩占江，于振文，王东，张永丽. 测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2010, 36(3): 457-465.

HAN Zhan-Jiang,YU Zhen-Wen,WANG Dong,ZHANG Yong-Li. Effects of Supplemental Irrigation Based on Testing Soil Moisture on Dry Matter Accumulation and distribution and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36(3): 457-465.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.00457

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2010/V36/I3/457

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