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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (12): 2917-2924.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43026

• 综述 •    下一篇

黄淮海地区夏玉米育种目标与策略

陈永强1(), 王雅菲1, 谢惠玲1, 张战辉1, 黑洪超1, 彭强2, 杨雪利2, 何革命3,*(), 汤继华1,*()   

  1. 1河南农业大学 / 省部共建小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室 / 神农种业实验室, 河南郑州 450002
    2河南省豫玉种业有限公司, 河南郑州 450001
    3南阳市种业发展中心, 河南南阳 473000
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20 接受日期:2024-09-03 出版日期:2024-12-12 网络出版日期:2024-09-09
  • 通讯作者: *何革命, E-mail: hegeming10@sina.com; 汤继华, E-mail: tangjihua1@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: chenyongqiang@henau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1201004);河南省重大科技专项(221100110300);河南神农种业实验室一流课题(SN01-2022-02);河南省重点研发专项(241111114300);河南省农业良种联合攻关项目(2022010204)

Breeding objectives and strategies for maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region

CHEN Yong-Qiang1(), WANG Ya-Fei1, XIE Hui-Ling1, ZHANG Zhan-Hui1, HEI Hong-Chao1, PENG Qiang2, YANG Xue-Li2, HE Ge-Ming3,*(), TANG Ji-Hua1,*()   

  1. 1National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / the Shennong Laboratory / Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
    2Henan Yuyu Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
    3Nanyang Seed Industry Development Center, Nanyang 473000, Henan, China
  • Received:2024-06-20 Accepted:2024-09-03 Published:2024-12-12 Published online:2024-09-09
  • Contact: *E-mail: hegeming10@sina.com; E-mail: tangjihua1@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1201004);Major Projects of Henan Province(221100110300);Key Research Project of the Shennong Laboratory(SN01-2022-02);Key Research and Development Projects of Henan Province(241111114300);Agricultural Seed Joint Research Project of Henan Province(2022010204)

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摘要：

黄淮海地区是我国第二大玉米产区, 位于亚热带向北温带的过渡区域, 具有全球唯一的小麦玉米周年两熟耕作制度, 特殊的生态环境和耕作制度对玉米品种的综合抗性与适应性提出了更高要求。本文详细分析了黄淮海地区玉米生产概况及存在问题, 明确了“高产、宜机收、早熟、耐密、耐非生物逆境、抗主要病虫害”的育种目标, 提出了黄淮海地区“降优(杂种优势)增密(密度)、增容(容重)扩率(脱籽率)、多重(基因)增抗(逆)、增(气生)根抗倒(伏)、提早散粉避高温”的育种策略, 同时要针对育种目标发掘优异基因资源, 加强核心种质资源创制, 建立基因编辑和全基因组选择等现代分子育种体系, 组建科研院校和企业从种质资源创新、高效育种体系建立和新品种选育与推广的全产业链科企创新模式, 进而选育出优良新品种为黄淮海玉米生产提供有效支撑。

关键词: 黄淮海地区, 玉米, 存在问题, 育种目标, 策略

Abstract:

The Huang-Huai-Hai region, the second largest maize-producing area in China, is situated in a transitional zone between the subtropical and north temperate climates. This region is characterized by a unique double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize, which presents specific challenges for maize cultivation. The distinct ecological conditions and cropping system necessitate maize varieties with enhanced comprehensive resistance and adaptability. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current production status and the primary issues facing maize cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. It identifies key breeding objectives, including “high yield, suitability for mechanized harvesting, early maturity, tolerance to high planting density, resilience to environmental stresses, and resistance to major diseases and pests.” Based on these objectives, the paper proposes several breeding strategies: “reducing heterosis to increase planting density, improving kernel bulk density and single-ear seed yield, incorporating multiple resistance genes to enhance disease resistance, strengthening lodging resistance by increasing the number of brace roots, and promoting earlier anther dehiscence and pollen release to avoid high temperatures.” Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of identifying and utilizing superior genes, advancing the development of new core germplasm resources, and establishing modern molecular breeding systems, such as genome editing and genome-wide selection. It also advocates for the creation of an innovative collaboration model among research institutes, universities, and seed enterprises to accelerate germplasm innovation, improve maize breeding efficiency, and enhance the breeding and promotion of the entire industry chain. The ultimate goal is to develop superior new maize varieties that will effectively support agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.

Key words: the Huang-Huai-Hai region, maize, existing problems, breeding objective, strategy

表1

黄淮海地区(郑州)近10年7月至8月高温天气统计"

年份
Year		 7月至8月温度超过35℃天数
Number of days with temperatures exceeding 35℃ from July to August		 7月至8月温度持续超过35℃天数
Number of consecutive days with temperatures
exceeding 35℃ from July to August
2013 25 22
2014 18 13
2015 11 10
2016 11 8
2017 28 24
2018 18 14
2019 20 14
2020 4 0
2021 9 3
2022 21 11

图1

高密度条件下群体产量提升关系图"

表2

玉米新品种产量提升路径"

性状
Traits		 MY73 一般品种
General variety		 比一般品种增量
Incremental quantity than the general variety		 每公顷产量增量
Incremental quantity per hectare
脱籽率Seed yield rate 92% 85%-87% 5%-7% 600 kg
容重Bulk density 798 g L−1 730-750 g L−1 50 g L−1 525 kg
种植密度Plant density >75,000 plants hm−2 60,000-67,500 plants hm−2 7500-15,000 plants hm−2 1125 kg
合计Total 2250 kg
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