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氮磷减施对不同强筋小麦品种产量和品质及其土壤生物学特性的影响

许倍铭**，郝紫瑞**，冯健超，马耕，王丽芳，谢迎新，王晨阳，马冬云*   

  1. 河南农业大学农学院 / 国家小麦工程技术研究中心, 河南郑州 450046
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20 修回日期:2025-09-10 接受日期:2025-09-10 网络出版日期:2025-09-24
  • 通讯作者: 马冬云, E-mail: xmzxmdy@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFF1000203)和河南省研究生教育改革与质量提升工程项目(YJS2024JD18)资助。

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus reduction on grain yield, quality, and soil biological properties in strong-gluten wheat varieties

XU Bei-Ming**,HAO Zi-Rui**,FENG Jian-Chao,MA Geng,WANG Li-Fang,XIE Ying-Xin,WANG Chen-Yang,MA Dong-Yun*   

  1. College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
  • Received:2025-05-20 Revised:2025-09-10 Accepted:2025-09-10 Published online:2025-09-24
  • Contact: 马冬云, E-mail: xmzxmdy@126.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF1000203) and the Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province (YJS2024JD18).

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摘要：

为明确氮、磷减施对强筋小麦品种产量、品质及其土壤生物学特性的影响，本研究在大田条件下，以科兴3302、豫州118和新麦26为试验材料，于2021—2024年冬小麦生长季在河南开展氮、磷肥减施试验，分别设置常规施肥(N/P2O5/K2O：240/135/135 kg hm-2)、减施氮肥(2021—2022年度为不施N，P2O5/K2O按常规；2022—2024年度为常规施N处理下减施30%，P2O5/K2O按常规)、减施磷肥(2021—2022年度为不施P2O5，N/K2O按常规；2022—2024年度常规施P2O5处理下减施30%，N/K2O按常规)。结果表明，(1) 土壤特性方面：第1年度减施氮、磷肥对土壤全氮、全磷和有机质含量没有显著影响，而第2年度减氮处理下成熟期根际土壤全氮、全磷含量均显著低于常规施肥。减施氮、磷肥处理下土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性均表现下降，其中减氮处理较常规施肥显著下降。(2) 产量及其构成：在减施磷肥处理下3个强筋小麦产量与常规施肥相比差异不显著，但减氮处理第1年度产量与常规施肥之间无显著差异，第2~3年度则较常规施肥显著下降。减施氮、磷肥主要通过穗数的降低影响产量，其中减氮对产量的影响效应大于减磷，且随着年际的增加，影响效应加大。(3) 加工品质：减施磷肥处理下，多数小麦品种加工品质仍符合强筋或中强筋小麦标准，而减施氮肥处理下各品种蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值多呈显著下降趋势，其中蛋白质含量平均下降0.85个百分点，沉降值降低4.49 mL，减施氮肥的影响效应大于减施磷肥。综上，在本试验生态环境和土壤肥力条件下，从保障产量、品质和提升肥料生产效率的层面而言，第1年度不施氮肥、第2年度减氮30%可以在稳定产量、品质的基础上，氮肥偏生产力平均提高26.24%；第1年度不施磷肥、第2~3年度减磷30%，则相应磷肥偏生产力平均提高34.45%。

关键词: 小麦, 氮肥减施, 磷肥减施, 土壤生物学特性, 产量

Abstract:

To evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) reduction on grain yield, quality, and soil biological properties in strong-gluten wheat varieties, a three-year field experiment (winter wheat seasons from 2021 to 2024) was conducted in Henan province using three cultivars: Kexing 3302, Yuzhou 118, and Xinmai 26. The experimental design included four treatments: (1) conventional fertilization (CF: N/P?O?/K?O = 240/135/135 kg hm?2), (2) nitrogen reduction (RN: no N application in 2021–2022, and 30% N reduction relative to CF in 2022–2024, with P and K maintained at CF levels), and (3) phosphorus reduction (RP: no P application in 2021–2022, and 30% P reduction in 2022–2024, with N and K maintained at CF levels). Results indicated that N and P reductions had no significant effects on soil total N (TN), total P (TP), or organic matter content in the first year. However, under RN treatment, TN and TP at maturity were significantly lower than those under CF during the 2022–2023 growing season. Both N and P reductions decreased soil nitrate-N and ammonium-N concentrations. Soil enzyme activities (urease, invertase, and phosphatase) showed declining trends under nutrient reduction, with RN causing significantly greater reductions than CF. P reduction had no significant effect on yield across all three varieties, while N reduction had no impact in the first year but led to significant yield losses in the second and third years. These losses were primarily due to reduced spike numbers, with RN having a more pronounced negative effect than RP, which intensified over time. Grain processing quality under RP generally met the standards for strong- or medium-strong gluten wheat, whereas RN significantly reduced protein content (by 0.85%) and sedimentation value (by 4.49 mL) compared to CF. The negative impact of RN on quality parameters was greater than that of RP. Under current agroecological and soil fertility conditions, omitting N fertilizer in the first year and applying a 30% N reduction in the second year maintained grain yield and quality while increasing N partial factor productivity by an average of 26.24%. Similarly, omitting P in the first year and applying a 30% P reduction in the second and third years stabilized yield and quality while improving P partial factor productivity by an average of 34.45%. These findings offer empirical support for optimizing fertilizer strategies in strong-gluten wheat production systems.

Key words: wheat, reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, reduction of phosphate fertilizer, soil biological properties, yield

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