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磷肥用量对迟播油菜产量形成及磷肥利用效率的影响

秦梦倩1,宁宁2,程泰3,李康丽4,张新贝4,赵鑫月1,张哲5,赵杰1,蒯婕1,王晶1,汪波1,徐正华1,*,周广生1   

  1. 1华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉430070; 2湖北省当阳市农产品质量安全监督站, 湖北当阳444105; 3湖北省油菜办公室, 湖北武汉430070; 4荆门市气象局, 湖北荆门448000; 5 全国农业技术推广服务中心, 北京100125
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26 修回日期:2025-09-10 接受日期:2025-09-10 网络出版日期:2025-09-23
  • 通讯作者: 徐正华, E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023BBB028)和湖北省揭榜挂帅项目(HBZY2023B001-01)资助。

Effects of phosphorus application on yield formation and phosphorus use efficiency in late-sown rapeseed

QIN Meng-Qian1,NING Ning2,CHENG Tai3,LI Kang-Li4,ZHANG Xin-Bei4,ZHAO Xin-Yue1,ZHANG Zhe5,ZHAO Jie1,KUAI Jie1,WANG Jing1,WANG Bo1,XU Zheng-Hua1,*,ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1 College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 2 Dangyang Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Supervision Station, Dangyang 444105, Hubei, China; 3 Hubei Department of Rape Production Management, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; 4 Jingmen Meteorological Bureau, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China; 5 National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
  • Received:2025-06-26 Revised:2025-09-10 Accepted:2025-09-10 Published online:2025-09-23
  • Contact: 徐正华, E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province (2023BBB028) and the Open Competition Program of Hubei Province (HBZY2023B001-01).

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摘要：

为明确磷肥用量对迟播油菜产量形成及磷肥利用效率的影响，本试验以品种华油杂137为材料，连续2年在武汉进行磷肥用量单因素试验，研究迟播油菜产量形成及磷肥利用效率。结果表明：施用磷肥显著增加迟播油菜产量，单株角果数是迟播油菜产量的主要影响因子(P < 0.05)。2年试验结果中产量分别比对照P0处理提高了16.83%~24.63%和22.99%~34.68%，单株角果数分别比P0处理提高了14.51%~37.46%和26.35%~53.83%。油菜株高、根颈粗、角果层厚度、有效分枝高度、分枝数、磷含量、磷积累量、干物重及抗倒伏能力均呈现先增加后稳定的趋势，在P3 (120 kg hm?2)、P4 (150 kg hm?2)处理时无显著差异。随着磷肥用量的增加，磷肥利用率呈现先增后减的趋势，在P2 (90 kg hm?2)处理达到最大；磷肥偏生产力随磷肥用量增加而下降；磷肥农学利用率在P2、P3处理下达到最佳；磷肥贡献率在P3和P4处理下达到最佳。综上所述，施磷提高了迟播油菜的产量、干物质重、抗倒伏能力和磷肥利用效率，但继续增加磷肥用量时，磷肥的利用效率降低，同时对产量、干物质重及抗倒伏能力无显著影响。因此，在保证油菜稳产、抗倒的前提下，磷肥用量在P3水平时利于提高迟播油菜产量、抗倒伏能力和磷肥利用效率。

关键词: 油菜, 迟播, 施磷量, 产量, 磷肥利用效率

Abstract:

To clarify the effects of phosphorus application on yield formation and phosphorus use efficiency in late-sown rapeseed, a two-year field experiment using the cultivar Huayouza 137 was conducted in Wuhan, employing a single-factor design focused on phosphorus levels. The results showed that phosphate fertilizer application significantly improved the yield of late-sown rapeseed, with the number of pods per plant being the primary contributing factor (P < 0.05). Compared with the P0 treatment (no phosphorus), yields increased by 16.83%–24.63% and 22.99%–34.95% over the two years, while the number of pods per plant rose by 14.51%–37.46% and 26.35%–53.83%, respectively. Plant height, root crown diameter, silique thickness, effective branch height, number of effective branches, phosphorus content, phosphorus accumulation, dry matter weight, and lodging resistance all exhibited an increasing trend that eventually stabilized, with no significant differences observed between the P3 (120 kg hm?2) and P4 (150 kg hm?2) treatments. As phosphorus application increased, the phosphorus use efficiency initially rose and then declined, peaking under the P2 (90 kg hm?2) treatment. Partial factor productivity of phosphorus decreased with increasing phosphorus rates, while agronomic efficiency was highest under the P2 and P3 treatments. The contribution rate of phosphorus was maximized under the P3 and P4 treatments. In conclusion, phosphate fertilizer application enhanced the yield, dry matter accumulation, lodging resistance, and phosphorus use efficiency of late-sown rapeseed. However, excessive phosphorus input led to reduced fertilizer use efficiency without further improvements in yield, biomass, or lodging resistance. Therefore, under the premise of maintaining stable yield and lodging resistance, phosphorus application at the P3 level is optimal for improving productivity and phosphorus use efficiency in late-sown rapeseed, thereby maximizing economic returns.

Key words: rapeseed, late-sowing, phosphate application, yield, phosphate use efficiency

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