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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (8): 2078-2090.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31074

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

干旱条件下深施肥对春小麦旗叶生态化学计量特征及其光合碳同化的影响

梁进宇1,4(), 尹嘉德2,3,4, 侯慧芝2,3,4, 薛云贵1,4, 郭宏娟1,4, 王硕1,4, 赵绮志1,4, 张绪成1,2,3,4,*(), 谢军红1,*()   

  1. 1甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
    2甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所, 甘肃兰州 730070
    3甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
    4农业农村部西北旱地农业绿色低碳重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30 接受日期:2024-04-01 出版日期:2024-08-12 网络出版日期:2024-04-24
  • 通讯作者: * 张绪成, E-mail: gszhangxuch@163.com;谢军红, E-mail: xiejh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: liangjinyu1997@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900700);甘肃省科技计划项目(22JR5RA763);甘肃省科技计划项目(23JRRA1340);甘肃省科技计划项目(20JR10RA464);农业农村部东北平原农业绿色低碳重点实验室2022年度开放基金资助。

Effects of deep fertilization on ecological stoichiometric characteristics and photosynthetic carbon assimilation of flag leaves of spring wheat under drought conditions

LIANG Jin-Yu1,4(), YIN Jia-De2,3,4, HOU Hui-Zhi2,3,4, XUE Yun-Gui1,4, GUO Hong-Juan1,4, WANG Shuo1,4, ZHAO Qi-Zhi1,4, ZHANG Xu-Cheng1,2,3,4,*(), XIE Jun-Hong1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    2Institute of Dry Land Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    3Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
    4Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Dryland Agriculture in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-11-30 Accepted:2024-04-01 Published:2024-08-12 Published online:2024-04-24
  • Contact: * E-mail: gszhangxuch@163.com;E-mail: xiejh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900700);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA763);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA1340);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(20JR10RA464);Open Fund for 2022 of the Northeast Plain Agricultural Green and Low Carbon Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.

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摘要：

深施肥能提高旱地作物的水肥利用效率, 是作物增产的重要技术途径之一, 但目前对其营养生理机制, 尤其是从旗叶生态化学计量特征的角度缺乏系统研究分析。本研究采用桶栽定量控制试验的方法, 在2021—2022年以‘陇春35号’为供试品种, 设置30 cm深施肥(D30)、15 cm浅施肥(D15)和不施肥(CK) 3个处理, 研究不同处理对春小麦挑旗至灌浆期春小麦旗叶碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及生态化学计量特征(C/N、C/P、N/P)的影响, 揭示春小麦旗叶养分含量及生态化学计量特征对旗叶SPAD值、Pn、地上部干物质积累、地上部生长速率、产量形成的影响。结果表明, 灌浆期D30旗叶C/N值较D15和CK分别降低2.1%~6.4%、5.4%~10.2%; C/P值分别降低3.8%~5.2%、5.4%~6.0%; 2021年N/P值分布提高1.4%和4.1%, 2022年N/P值分别降低1.6%和0.2%。灌浆期D30旗叶SPAD值较D15和CK分别提高1.8%~6.5%、15.5%~18.2%; Pn分别提高21.6%~27.0%、28.5%~36.6%。扬花至灌浆期D30地上部生长速率较D15和CK分别提高22.1%~41.2%、68.4%~80.8%。成熟期D30地上部干物质积累量较D15和CK分别提高10.6%~11.1%; 产量分别提高15.7%~16.0%、46.5%~49.3%。D30氮肥贡献率较D15提高46.6%~52.4%; 氮肥偏生产力提高15.7%~16.0%; 氮肥农学效率提高69.6%~76.7%。相关性分析表明, 灌浆期春小麦旗叶C、N、P含量与旗叶SPAD值、Pn、地上部干物质积累呈正相关; 旗叶生态化学计量特征与旗叶SPAD值、Pn、干物质积累呈负相关。因此, 在干旱条件下30 cm深施肥通过提高春小麦挑旗至灌浆期旗叶C、N、P含量, 延缓扬花期后旗叶N、P含量的降低, 优化旗叶生态化学计量特征, 降低N、P对春小麦旗叶光合作用的限制, 提高春小麦旗叶Pn和地上部生长速率, 并且延缓旗叶衰老, 促进产量增加。

关键词: 春小麦, 干旱, 深施肥, 生态化学计量特征, 旗叶衰老

Abstract:

Deep fertilization can improve the water and fertilizer use efficiency of dryland crops, which is one of the important technical ways to increase crop yield, but there is a lack of systematic research on its nutritional physiological mechanism, especially from the perspective of ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves. In this study, three treatments, 30 cm deep fertilization (D30), 15 cm shallow fertilization (D15) and no fertilization (CK) were conducted in 2021 and 2022 with ‘Longchun 35’ as the test cultivar. The effects of different treatments on the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and ecological stoichiometric characteristics (C/N, C/P, N/P) of spring wheat flag leaves from booting to filling stage were studied. The effects of nutrient content and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves on SPAD value, Pn, shoot growth rate, dry matter accumulation, and yield formation of flag leaves in spring wheat were revealed. The results showed that the C/N value of D30 flag leaves at the grain filling stage was 2.1%?6.4% and 5.4%?10.2% lower than D15 and CK, respectively. The C/P values decreased by 3.8%?5.2% and 5.4%?6.0%, respectively. In 2021, the distribution of N/P values increased by 1.4% and 4.1%, and in 2022, the N/P values decreased by 1.6% and 0.2%, respectively. Compared with D15 and CK, the SPAD values of D30 flag leaves increased by 1.8%?6.5% and 15.5%?18.2%, respectively. Pn increased by 21.6%, 27.0%, 28.5%?36.6%, respectively. Compared with D15 and CK, the growth rate of D30 shoots increased by 22.1%?41.2% and 68.4%?80.8%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation of D30 at maturity stage increased by 10.6%?11.1% compared with D15 and CK, respectively. The output increased by 15.7%?15.9% and 46.5%?49.3%, respectively. The contribution rate of nitrogen fertilizer in D30 increased by 46.6%?52.4% compared with D15. The partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 15.7%?16.0%. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 69.6%?76.7%. Correlation analysis showed that the contents of C, N, and P in flag leaves of spring wheat at grain filling stage were positively correlated with SPAD value, Pn, and dry matter accumulation in flag leaves. The ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaf were negatively correlated with SPAD value, Pn and dry matter accumulation of flag leaf. Therefore, 30 cm deep fertilization under drought conditions increased the contents of C, N and P in flag leaves from booting to filling stage, delayed the decrease of N and P contents in flag leaves after flowering, optimized the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of flag leaves, reduced the restriction of N and P on the photosynthesis of flag leaves of spring wheat, increased the growth rate of Pn and shoots of flag leaves of spring wheat, delayed the senescence of flag leaves, and promoted the increase of yield.

Key words: spring wheat, drought, deep fertilization, ecological stoichiometric characteristics, senescence of flag leaves

图1

2021-2022年日平均气温"

表1

试验施肥深度"

处理
Treatment		 施肥深度Fertilization depth
15 cm 30 cm
不施肥(CK) No fertilization 0 0
化肥全部浅施15 cm (D15) Deeply fertilization of fertilizer in 15 cm 100% 0
化肥全部深施30 cm (D30) Deeply fertilization of fertilizer in 30 cm 0 100%

图2

各处理春小麦旗叶C、N、P含量 BO: 挑旗期; HE: 抽穗期; FL: 扬花期; FI: 灌浆期。"

图3

各处理春小麦旗叶C/N值 缩写同图2。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

各处理春小麦旗叶C/P值 缩写同图2。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图5

各处理春小麦旗叶N/P值 缩写同图2。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图6

各处理春小麦旗叶SPAD值 缩写同图2。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图7

各处理春小麦旗叶Pn 缩写同图2。"

图8

各处理春小麦地上部生长速率 BO: 挑旗期; HE: 抽穗期; FL: 扬花期; FI: 灌浆期; HA: 成熟期。"

图9

各处理春小麦干物质积累量 缩写同图8。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表2

不同处理对春小麦产量及产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 小穗数
Spikelet number		 穗粒数
Grain number		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 较CK增产率
Yield increase rate compared to CK (%)
2021 CK 14.00±0.58 b 38.33±0.88 c 38.34±0.12 c 4681.53±120.57 c —
D15 14.33±0.33 ab 43.33±0.33 b 42.84±0.18 b 5912.95±69.61 b 26.3
D30 15.67±0.33 a 46.67±0.67 a 46.14±0.08 a 6857.75±90.70 a 46.5
2022 CK 12.33±0.33 c 35.67±0.88 c 40.74±0.78 c 4623.14±29.78 c —
D15 13.67±0.33 b 43.67±0.33 b 42.91±0.62 b 5966.03±53.08 b 29.0
D30 16.00±0.00 a 46.33±0.33 a 46.76±0.33 a 6900.21±59.11 a 49.3

图10

D15和D30氮肥利用率 NCR: 氮肥贡献率; PFPN: 氮肥偏生产力; NAE: 氮肥农学效率。"

图11

春小麦挑旗至灌浆期相关性分析 C: 旗叶碳含量; N: 旗叶氮含量; P: 旗叶磷含量; C/N: 旗叶碳氮比; C/P: 旗叶碳磷比; N/P: 旗叶氮磷比; SPAD: 旗叶SPAD值; Pn: 旗叶净光合速率; DM: 干物质积累量。* P ≤ 0.05; ** P ≤ 0.01。"

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