甘薯源库关系建立、发展和平衡对氮肥用量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2015.00432

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以盆栽、田间微区和田间裂区试验分析不同氮肥用量对苏薯16(半直立株型)和苏薯11(匍匐株型)生长前期(0~30 d)、中期(30~60 d)和后期(60~120 d)根系形态、单株薯数、叶面积指数、茎叶生物量、根生物量和T/R值的影响。结果表明，在全生育期内，施氮对甘薯茎叶生长均有显著促进作用，但对根生长的影响各不相同。生长前期，低量施氮对根系生长和分化有促进作用，而适量和高量施氮则表现显著抑制作用，并使30 d时单株薯数显著降低29.3%~36.6%或1.3~2.0个(P<0.05)，但同一甘薯品种、不同施氮处理的单株薯数在生长中期之后又趋于一致。生长中期，适量和过量施氮可显著促进源库规模的发展，并使甘薯茎叶生物量增加量分别显著提高35.5%~48.9%和73.4%~79.8%(P<0.05)，叶面积指数迅速达到4左右，而对根生物量增加量无显著影响(P>0.05)。生长后期，施氮过多时(N32处理)茎叶鲜重持续增加，到收获时叶面积指数和蔓薯比分别达4.9~5.6和1.50~1.51，显著高于适量施氮处理时的3.3~3.5和0.58~0.64(P<0.05)；施氮过少时(N30处理)则反之，收获时不施氮处理的叶面积指数和蔓薯比分别为1.6~1.9和0.36~0.42，其中叶面积指数显著低于适量施氮处理(P<0.05)；不同施氮处理的单个薯重差异越来越大，适量施氮处理的单个薯重(218~345g)显著高于不施氮(181~262g)和过量施氮处理(160~285 g, P<0.05)，所以适量施氮处理的最终单株块根产量(1.02~1.20 kg）也高于不施氮处理(0.88~0.91 kg)和过量施氮处理(0.79~0.87 kg, P<0.05)。表明，移栽前一次性基施氮的条件下，不施或少施氮有利于甘薯生长前期源库关系的提早建立，适量或过量施氮有利于甘薯生长中期源库关系的发展，而仅有适量施氮有利于维持甘薯生长后期的源库平衡。

关键词: 甘薯, 氮, 源库关系

Abstract:

The pot, field mini-plot, and field split-plot experiments were carried out to investigate sweetpotato roots morphology(RM), number of tuberous roots per plant(NTR), leaf area index(LAI), shoots biomass, roots biomass and ratio of top to root(T/R-value) at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after planting(DAP). At the whole growth period (0–120 d), nitrogen application promoted shoots growth, but had different effects on roots growth. At the early growing stage (0–30 d), low nitrogen rate (NR, N21) promoted roots growth and differentiation, but proper NR(N11, N22, N31) and excessive NR(N12, N23, N32) apparently inhibited roots development, causing NTR to decrease by 29.3%–36.6%(or 1.3–2.0 per plant) (P<0.05). The NTR at different nitrogen rates tended to be same in the split-plot experiment after 60 DAP. At the middle growth stage (30–60 d), proper or excessive nitrogen rates were in favor of expansion of sweetpotato source-sink relationship(SSR), enhancing shoots biomass by 35.5%–48.9% and 73.4%–79.8%, respectively(P<0.05), LAI rapidly ran up to four, but had no influence on roots biomass (P>0.05). At the late growth stage (60–120 d), excessive NR sustained shoots biomass growth, LAI and T/R at harvest reached 4.9–5.6 and 1.50–1.51, respectively, which were apparently higher than those (3.3–3.5 and 0.58–0.64) under the proper NR (P<0.05). When no nitrogen application, LAI and T/R at harvest were only 1.6–1.9 and 0.36–0.42, of which LAI was apparently lower than that under the proper NR (P<0.05). At the same time, there was a difference in fresh weight of individual tuberous root(FWITR) under different nitrogen rates. FWITR(218–345 g) under the proper NR was higher than those under no NR(181–262 g) and excessive NR(160–285 g, P<0.05), therefore, the final yield per plant under the proper NR(1.02–1.20 kg) was higher than thatunder no NR(0.88–0.91 kg) and excessive NR(0.79–0.87 kg, P<0.05). It is showed that nitrogen as base fertilizer, its less or no application is favorable for the establishment of SSR, its proper or excessive application delays SSR at early growth stage, its right or excessive application promotes the expandation of SSR at middle growth stage, and only right application would keep SSR balance at late growth stage.

Key words: Sweetpotato, Nitrogen, Source-sink relationship

宁运旺,马洪波,张辉,汪吉东,许仙菊,张永春*. 甘薯源库关系建立、发展和平衡对氮肥用量的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2015, 41(03): 432-439.

NING Yun-Wang,MA Hong-Bo,ZHANG Hui,WANG Ji-Dong,XU Xian-Ju,ZHANG Yong-Chun*. Response of SweetpotatoinSource-Sink Relationship Establishment, Expanding, and Balance to Nitrogen Application Rates[J]. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41(03): 432-439.

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