西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状及影响因素分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93026

Abstract

Abstract:

Maize mechanical grain harvesting is the development direction of maize production in Southwest China. High grain broken rate is the main limiting factor for the development and application of this technology. It is of great significance to clarify the current status of broken rate of mechanical grain harvesting in Southwest China, to study the main influencing factors, so as to promote the development of mechanical grain harvesting in Southwest China. Using 788 sets of sample data of grain broken rate obtained from a series of multi-point and multi-variety grain harvesting experiments conducted in Southwest China from 2017 to 2018, the present situation of mechanical grain broken rate in Southwest China was analyzed. In 2018, the same machine and operator were used to carry out multi-variety, long-span and multi-harvest experiments to investigate the changes of grain broken rate, grain moisture content and grain mechanical strength in different harvest periods, and to analyze the relationship among grain moisture content, grain mechanical strength and broken rate. The broken rate of mechanically harvested grains was 0.54%-42.72% with the average of 8.34% in Southwest China. With the delayed mechanical grain harvesting, the moisture content of grains decreased, the crushing strength of grains increased, and the broken rate of grains decreased first and then increased. The relationship between broken rate (y) and grain moisture content (x) was in accordance with the equation y = 0.0329x ²- 1.3328x + 15.529 (R ²= 0.5467 ^**). The broken rate was the lowest when the moisture content of grains was 20.26%. The range of moisture content of the grains with a broken rate less than 5% was 10.76%-29.76%. The relationship between broken rate (y) and crushing strength of grain facade (x_facade) and side (x_side) was in accordance with the equations of y = 0.0006x_facade ² - 0.2692x_facade + 32.7030 (R ² = 0.3138 ^**) and y = 0.0021x_side ² - 0.6092x_side + 46.979 (R ² = 0.3790 ^**), respectively. When the crushing strength of grain facade and side was 224.33 N and 145.05 N, the broken rate was the lowest. With delaying harvest time, the change of mechanical strength caused by the decrease of grain moisture content may be the main reason affecting the change of broken rate. Breeding and selecting varieties with strong standing pole ability and quick dehydration, making the moisture content of grain below 28%, is an important measure to reduce the broken rate of mechanical grain harvesting in Southwest China.

Key words: southwest maize, mechanical grain harvesting, broken rate, moisture content, mechanical strength

ZHAO Bo,LI Xiao-Long,ZHOU Mao-Lin,SONG Bi,LEI En,LI Zhong,WU Ya-Wei,YUAN Ji-Chao,KONG Fan-Lei. Current status and influencing factors of broken rate in mechanical grain harvesting of maize in Southwest China[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(01): 74-83.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Variety information of mechanical grain harvesting test (2017 and 2018) "

地点 Location	品种 Cultivar	收获机型 Harvester type
四川中江 Zhongjiang, Sichuan	正红505, 中单808, 渝单8号, 荣玉1510, 瑞玉11, 渝单30, 丹玉336, 正红6号, 郑单958, 粒收1号, 渝豪单6号, 仲玉3号, 成单30, 正红211, 正红431, 先玉1171, 延科288, 国豪玉7号, 华试919, 蠡玉16, 奥玉3111, 联创808, 瑞玉16, 华凯2号 Zhenghong 505, Zhongdan 808, Yudan 8, Rongyu 1510, Ruiyu 11, Yudan 30, Danyu 336, Zhenghong 6, Zhengdan 958, Lishou 1, Yuhaodan 6, Zhongyu 3, Chengdan 30, Zhenghong 211, Zhenghong 431, Xianyu 1171, Yanke 288, Guohaoyu 7, Huashi 919, Liyu 16, Aoyu 3111, Lianchuang 808, Ruiyu 16, Huakai 2	久保田4LZY-1.8B Kubota 4LZY-1.8B
四川南充 Nanchong, Sichuan	仲玉3号, 正红505, 众望玉88, 郑单958, 粒收1号, 先玉1171, 正红431, 渝单8号, 中玉335, 正红6号, 渝单30 Zhongyu 3, Zhenghong 505, Zhongwangyu 88, Zhengdan 958, Lishou 1, Xianyu 1171, Zhenghong 431, Yudan 8, Zhongyu 335, Zhenghong 6, Yudan 30	艾禾4LZT-4.0ZB Aihe 4LZT-4.0ZB
重庆潼南 Tongnan, Chongqing	迪卡M9, 粒收1号, 渝单8号, 先玉1171, 正红6号, 正红431, 荣玉1510, 仲玉3号, 渝单30, 成单30, 正红505, 渝豪单6号, 中单808, 渝单50, 必胜118, 金穗33, 贵单8号, 黔1403, 帮豪58, 新玉503, 资玉6号, 郑单958, 中玉335, 中单901 DikaM9, Lishou 1, Yudan 8, Xianyu 1171, Zhenghong 6, Zhenghong 431, Rongyu 1510, Zhongyu 3, Yudan 30, Chengdan 30, Zhonghong 505, Yuhaodan 6, Zhongdan 808, Yudan 50, Bisheng 118, Jinsui 33, Guidan 8, Qian 1403, Banghao 58, Xinyu 503, Ziyu 6, Zhengdan 958, Zhongyu 335, Zhongdan 901	沃德4LZ-3.0E Wode 4LZ-3.0E
贵州安顺 Anshun, Guizhou	先玉1171, 渝单8号, 正红6号, 筑黄127/S02, 珍禾99, 爱农001, 正红431, 金玉932, 靖丰18, 荣玉1510, 仲玉3号, 靖单15, 粒收1号, 金玉306, 筑黄99M/21, 黔单16, 靖单12, 靖玉1号, 郑单958, 金玉838, 新中玉801, 靖单14, 宣黄单17, 金玉579 Xianyu 1171, Yudan 8, Zhenghong 6, Zhuhuang 127/S02, Zhenhe 99, Ainong 001, Zhenghong 431, Jinyu 932, Jingfeng 18, Rongyu 1510, Zhongyu 3, Jingdan15, Lishou 1, Jinyu 306, Zhuhuang 99M/21, Qiandan 16, Jingdan 12, Jingyu 1, Zhengdan 958, Jinyu 838, Xinzhongyu 801, Jingdan 14, Xuanhuangdan 17, Jinyu 579	雷沃4LZ-4G1 Lovol 4LZ-4G1
云南红河 Honghe, Yunnan	粒收1号, 郑单958, 先玉1171, 渝单8号, 正红431, 中玉335, 靖单14, 靖单15, 新中玉801, 宣黄单17, 宝玉9号, 佛单7号, 华兴单88, 金粒1号, 金玉99, 靖单12, 靖丰18, 五谷3861, 先玉696, 雅玉69, 正大619 Lishou 1, Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 1171, Yudan 8, Zhenghong 431, Zhongyu 335, Jingdan 14, Jingdan 15, Xinzhongyu 801, Xuanhuangdan 17, Baoyu 9, Fodan 7, Huaxingdan 88, Jinli 1, Jinyu 99, Jingdan 12, Jingfeng 18, Wugu 3861, Xianyu 696, Yayu 69, Zhengda 619	久保田4LZY-1.8B Kubota 4LZY-1.8B

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 3

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类型 Type	品种个数 Number of varieties	品种 Cultivar	收获次数 Number of harvests
春玉米 Spring maize	4	正红6号, 仲玉3号, 先玉1171, 成单30 Zhenghong 6, Zhongyu 3, Xianyu 1171, Chengdan 30	6
夏玉米 Summer maize	15	正红431, 奥玉3111, 先玉1171, 正红505, 粒收1号, 正红6号, 中玉335, 延科288, 联创808, 丹玉336, 仲玉3号, 渝单8号, 渝单30, 荣玉1510, 郑单958 Zhenghong 431, Aoyu 3111, Xianyu 1171, Zhenghong 505, Lishou 1, Zhenghong 6, Zhongyu 335, Yanke 288, Lianchuang 808, Danyu 336, Zhongyu 3, Yudan 8, Yudan 30, Rongyu 1510, Zhengdan 958	2

分组编号 Group number	收获时间 Harvest time (month /day)	品种 Cultivar	籽粒类型 Grain type	收获机型 Harvester type	含水率 Moisture content (%)	籽粒力学强度 Grain mechanical strength (N)		破碎率 Broken rate (%)
分组编号 Group number	收获时间 Harvest time (month /day)	品种 Cultivar	籽粒类型 Grain type	收获机型 Harvester type	含水率 Moisture content (%)	立面Facade	侧面Side	破碎率 Broken rate (%)
1	7/31	先玉1171 Xianyu 1171	硬粒型 Flint corn	久保田4 LZY-1.8B	34.15 a	140.01 a	106.32 a	5.87 B
		成单30 Chengdan 30	半马齿型 Semident corn	Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B	34.83 a	146.85 a	103.66 a	13.88 A
2	9/8	中玉335 Zhongyu 335	半马齿型 Semident corn	久保田4 LZY-1.8B	26.53 a	207.13 a	143.35 a	7.11 B
		渝单30 Yudan 30	马齿型 Dent corn	Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B	26.49 a	181.40 a	130.16 a	4.26 B
		荣玉1510 Rongyu 1510	半马齿型 Semident corn		26.48 a	188.12 a	132.90 a	13.25 A
3	9/16	荣玉1510 Rongyu 1510	半马齿型 Semident corn	久保田4 LZY-1.8B	23.86 a	182.44 a	102.14 a	8.21 a
		郑单958 Zhengdan 958	半马齿型 Semident corn	Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B	23.84 a	186.14 a	114.58 a	4.13 c
		渝单8号 Yudan 8	半马齿型 Semident corn		23.75 a	214.72 a	130.29 a	6.53 b
4	9/8	粒收1号 Lishou 1	马齿型 Dent corn	久保田4 LZY-1.8B	22.22 B	208.33 a	114.22 b	6.25 a
		渝单8号 Yudan 8	半马齿型 Semident corn	Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B	28.30 A	206.91 a	128.21 a	6.85 a
5	9/8	正红431 Zhenghong 431	马齿型 Dent corn	久保田4 LZY-1.8B	30.33 A	172.69 a	104.79 a	11.60 a
		先玉1171 Xianyu 1171	硬粒型 Flint corn	Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B	25.77 B	171.03a	104.41 a	12.63 a
		渝单30 Yudan 30	马齿型 Dent corn		23.78 a	189.04 a	122.94 a	3.78 c
6	8/13	正红6号 Zhenghong 6	马齿型 Dent corn	久保田4 LZY-1.8B	23.03 a	190.92 a	146.94 a	2.62 b
	9/8	正红6号 Zhenghong 6	马齿型 Dent corn	Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B	22.63 a	195.50 a	125.13 a	5.93 a

Current status and influencing factors of broken rate in mechanical grain harvesting of maize in Southwest China

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