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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 180-192.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.03071

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Reduced application and different combined applications of loss-control urea on summer maize yield and fertilizer efficiency improvement

ZHANG Qian(), HAN Ben-Gao, ZHANG Bo, SHENG Kai, LI Lan-Tao, WANG Yi-Lun*()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2020-12-10 Accepted:2021-04-14 Online:2022-01-12 Published:2021-06-18
  • Contact: WANG Yi-Lun E-mail:zhangqian199072@163.com;wangyilunrl@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301106)

Abstract:

Loss-control urea with nanometer mineral loss control agent added during production period could reduce the loss of nitrogen (N) through adsorption. Figuring out the application rate of loss-control urea and the appropriate rate with conventional urea could provide evidences for summer maize one-time fertilization, N fertilizer reduction, and use efficiency improvement. Under different yield level soil conditions, field experiment was arranged to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer managements on summer maize yield, aboveground biomass, nutrient accumulation, photosynthetic characteristic, and N utilization efficiency. Treatments of conventional urea (N at 210 kg hm-2), loss-control urea (full dose with N at 210 kg hm-2, 10% reduction with N at 189 kg hm-2, and 20% reduction with N at 168 kg hm-2), and different combined proportions of loss-control urea and conventional urea (at 7:3, 5:5, and 3:7) were carried out. The results revealed that N fertilizer application could significantly increase the yield of summer maize and the full-dose loss-control urea treatments increased the yield by 22.96%-27.55%, compared with that under conventional urea application at high- and middle-yield soil conditions. The application of loss-control urea at 10% and 20% reduction sustained the summer maize yield at high- and middle-yield soil condition with improved grains per ear, compared with full-dose loss-control urea application. The N fertilizer utilization efficiency under loss-control urea at 20% reduction treatment at high-yield soil condition reached 41.60%. N accumulation was comparable with full-dose loss-control urea application under proportions of loss-control urea and conventional urea at 7:3 application. Meanwhile, this treatment could sustain the yield and straw biomass at high- and middle-yield level soil and significantly increased the yield and straw biomass at low-yield field. In conclusion, one-time application of loss-control urea with N at 210 kg hm-2 could significantly improve the yield of summer maize and N efficiency of the fertilizer utilization. The application of loss-control urea with 20% reduction could sustain the summer maize yield with significantly improved N utilization efficiency at high- and middle-yield soil conditions, which was the suitable N fertilizer application for high- and middle-yield field. Loss-control urea and conventional urea at 7:3 application was suitable for N fertilizer application for low-yield field.

Key words: summer maize, loss-control urea, reduced nitrogen fertilizer amount, nitrogen fertilizer rate, yield and efficiency improvement

Table 1

Basic nutrient status of the tested soils"

地点
Place
产量水平
Yield level
年份
Year
pH 有机质
Soil organic matter (g kg-1)
碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolysis N (mg kg-1)
速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)
速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
鹤壁Hebi 高产田High-yield 2016 7.78 19.26 102.90 36.84 181.34
修武Xiuwu 中产田Middle-yield 2016 7.41 15.42 87.67 20.43 163.82
原阳Yuanyang 低产田Low-yield 2017 7.87 14.95 79.80 35.51 93.88

Table 2

Loss-control urea reduction and different ratios of loss-control urea and urea treatments"

试验处理
Treatment
减施比例
Reduced rate
施氮量
N amount (kg hm-2)
肥料品种
Fertilizer
控失尿素:常规尿素配比
Loss-control urea:Urea
CK 0
CF 210 常规尿素 Urea
CL 210 控失尿素 Loss-control urea
CL10 减施10% 10% reduction 189 控失尿素 Loss-control urea
CL20 减施20% 20% reduction 168 控失尿素 Loss-control urea
CL7:3 210 控失尿素+常规尿素Loss-control urea and urea 7:3
CL5:5 210 控失尿素+常规尿素Loss-control urea and urea 5:5
CL3:7 210 控失尿素+常规尿素Loss-control urea and urea 3:7

Fig. 1

Effects of different fertilizer treatments on summer maize yield under different yield levels Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CK, CF, CL, CL10, and CL20 treatments. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CF, CL, CL7:3, CL5:5, and CL3:7 treatments."

Table 3

Effects of different fertilizer treatments on summer maize yield components under different yield levels"

处理
Treatment
粒重(g 1000粒-1) Grain weight (g 1000-kernel-1) 穗粒数(粒) Grains per ear (kernels)
高产田
High-yield
中产田
Middle-yield
低产田
Low-yield
高产田
High-yield
中产田
Middle-yield
低产田
Low-yield
CK 315.82±8.40 ab 297.20±1.58 ab 307.30±2.32 b 566±7 b 455±3 b 421±6 c
CF 304.23±1.48 bB 306.13±6.87 aA 307.52±12.33 bA 566±2 bA 506±15 aA 460±2 aAB
CL 328.77±4.59 aA 294.87±2.35 ab AB 332.54±3.24 aA 581±17 abA 489±17 abAB 444±3 abBC
CL10 310.59±6.07 b 298.51±5.10 ab 308.53±8.21 b 576±11 ab 512±15 a 456±7 ab
CL20 314.97±5.83 ab 288.99±4.53 b 314.99±0.83 ab 611±9 a 488±18 ab 436±14 bc
CL7:3 312.84±9.87 AB 284.39±12.53 B 330.16±10.65 A 578±31 A 486±17 AB 461±13 AB
CL5:5 302.94±1.95 B 293.68±2.08 AB 322.70±21.17 A 576±19 A 485±7 AB 479±6 A
CL3:7 307.72±7.78 B 286.90±0.77 AB 327.22±5.06 A 582±22 A 467±6 B 417±12 C

Fig. 2

Effects of different fertilizer treatments on summer maize dry weight under different yield levels Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CK, CF, CL, CL10, and CL20 treatments. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CF, CL, CL7:3, CL5:5, and CL3:7 treatments. Analysis of variances of the dry weight of grain and straw are marked with different colors in columns and those of the total dry weight are marked above the column."

Fig. 3

N, P, and K accumulation of summer maize under different fertilizer treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CK, CF, CL, CL10, and CL20 treatments. Different capital letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CF, CL, CL7:3, CL5:5, and CL3:7 treatments. Analysis of variances of the dry weight of grain and straw are marked in columns with different colors and those of the total dry weight are marked above the column."

Table 4

Effects of different fertilizer treatments on N fertilizer utilization efficiency under different yield levels"

指标
Item
处理
Treatment
高产田
High-yield field
中产田
Middle-yield field
低产田
Low-yield field
氮肥利用率
REN (%)
CF 20.53±3.24 bB 20.81±1.67 cC 27.72±1.98 bB
CL 30.95±0.99 abA 34.10±2.40 aA 39.69±1.24 aA
CL10 30.11±4.34 b 28.79±1.71 b 38.13±1.85 a
CL20 41.60±3.85 a 18.09±1.59 c 37.83±3.53 a
CL7:3 26.09±0.99 AB 33.56±2.60 A 41.82±0.89 A
CL5:5 25.20±2.50 AB 25.79±0.79 B 38.36±3.06 A
CL3:7 23.72±1.49 B 22.17±0.89 BC 32.63±2.13 B
氮肥农学效率
AEN (kg kg-1)
CF 5.46±3.10 aA 5.78±1.36 aAB 5.35±0.89 aA
CL 8.64±2.39 a A 7.76±0.37 aA 7.77±0.69 aA
CL10 6.50±1.80 a 7.79±0.31 a 7.45±1.70 a
CL20 8.81±2.38 a 4.91±1.15 a 7.02±2.81 a
CL7:3 6.39±2.43 A 5.01±2.05 AB 7.93±0.08 A
CL5:5 5.58±1.39 A 3.51±1.01 B 7.76±3.23 A
CL3:7 5.05±1.12 A 3.33±1.24 B 7.01±2.65 A
氮肥偏生产力
PEPN (kg kg-1)
CF 42.36±1.75 cB 38.80±0.28 dB 34.26±1.18 dB
CL 47.82±1.38 bA 44.58±1.10 cA 39.61±0.31 cA
CL10 56.66±1.00 a 51.74±0.72 b 46.69±2.03 b
CL20 60.26±0.52 a 57.26±0.38 a 51.20±1.12 a
CL7:3 48.75±2.05 A 43.81±1.79 A 42.19±1.24 A
CL5:5 47.94±0.39 A 42.31±1.25 AB 42.00±2.12 A
CL3:7 47.40±2.05 AB 42.13±0.96 AB 41.27±1.58 A

Fig. 4

Effects of different fertilizer treatments on leaf NR activity of summer maize in high-yield field Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CK, CF, CL, CL10, and CL20 treatments. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CF, CL, CL7:3, CL5:5, and CL3:7 treatments."

Fig. 5

Effects of different fertilizer treatments on leaf SPAD value of summer maize in high-yield field Treatments are the same as those given in Table 2. TS: trumpeting stage; SS: silking stage; FS: filling stage. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CK, CF, CL, CL10, and CL20 treatments. Different capital letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among CF, CL, CL7:3, CL5:5, and CL3:7 treatments."

Table 5

Effects of reduction and different ratios of loss-control urea and urea treatments on photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize in high-yield field"

指标
Item
处理
Treatment
生育时期 Growth stage
大喇叭口期
Trumpeting stage
吐丝期
Silking stage
灌浆期
Filling stage
光合速率
Photosynthetic rate
(μmol m-2 s-1)
CK 29.67±1.12 a 25.54±0.49 a 22.48±0.72 c
CF 30.60±1.68 aA 25.26±0.22 aC 25.75±0.82 abC
CL 29.57±1.43 aAB 25.43±1.16 aC 26.36±0.65 aBC
CL10 29.55±0.89 a 25.77±0.40 a 25.59±0.29 ab
CL20 29.42±0.40 a 24.78±0.28 a 23.87±0.83 bc
CL7:3 26.73±0.89 B 23.36±0.38 C 28.57±0.65 AB
CL5:5 30.11±0.76 A 28.98±0.76 B 29.61±0.87 A
CL3:7 30.33±1.01 A 31.85±0.47 A 25.24±0.96 C
气孔导度
Stomata conductance
(mmol mol-1)
CK 0.19±0.02 b 0.19±0.00 ab 0.14±0.02 a
CF 0.23±0.02 abA 0.17±0.02 bC 0.17±0.01 aA
CL 0.27±0.01 a A 0.20±0.01 abC 0.17±0.00 aA
CL10 0.20±0.02 b 0.20±0.01 ab 0.19±0.01 a
CL20 0.19±0.01 b 0.21±0.00 a 0.17±0.03 a
CL7:3 0.27±0.01 A 0.16±0.02 C 0.17±0.04 A
CL5:5 0.24±0.02 A 0.27±0.02 B 0.18±0.04 A
CL3:7 0.25±0.02 A 0.32±0.01 A 0.18±0.01 A
胞间CO2浓度
Intercellular CO2
concentration
(μmol mol-1)
CK 123.66±9.59 a 94.01±2.39 b 54.59±1.67 d
CF 138.05±7.65 aA 104.26±6.87 bC 69.87±3.86 cD
CL 131.89±5.30 aAB 132.03±7.34 bAB 100.56±3.49 aBC
CL10 124.31±4.66 a 137.82±4.72 a 85.22±1.45 b
CL20 96.69±5.21 b 95.82±5.50 a 62.51±2.23 cd
CL7:3 115.77±5.90 B 144.33±3.18 A 118.72±2.57 A
CL5:5 130.19±4.92 AB 136.17±3.94 AB 110.45±4.77 AB
CL3:7 128.37±2.81 AB 121.24±0.34 BC 95.21±6.62 C
蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
(mmol m-2 s-1)
CK 3.97±0.26 a 3.27±0.11 b 4.79±0.23 b
CF 4.25±0.18 aA 3.50±0.27 abC 5.92±0.18 abBC
CL 3.69±0.29 aA 3.76±0.18 abBC 6.28±0.12 aB
CL10 4.10±0.41 a 4.02±0.22 a 5.50±0.80 ab
CL20 3.81±0.13 a 3.65±0.10 ab 4.76±0.07 b
CL7:3 3.74±0.48 A 3.08±0.27 C 6.72±0.11 A
CL5:5 4.28±0.23 A 4.42±0.08 AB 5.41±0.09 D
CL3:7 4.35±0.22 A 4.89±0.39 A 5.70±0.14 CD
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