吉林省不同年代玉米品种光合生理特性对施氮量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23058

Abstract

Abstract:

It is of great practical significance to clarify the response trend of yield, leaf nitrogen content, and photosynthetic characteristics of maize varieties released in different years in Jilin province to different nitrogen levels for the breeding of high-yield maize varieties in Northeast China. In this study, six representative varieties popularized and applied in Jilin province since 1970s were used as the materials (1970s: JD101, ZD2; 1990s: SD19, JD159; 2010s: XY335, NH101). Field experiments with four nitrogen levels (0, 125, 250, and 375 kg hm^-2) were set up to analyze the effects of nitrogen application on the yield, leaf nitrogen content, and photosynthetic characteristic parameters of maize varieties released in different decades. The results showed that maize grain yield under all nitrogen levels increased with the replacement of varieties, and the yield advantage of modern varieties was more obvious under high nitrogen levels. The increase of grain yield under different treatments was mainly due to the simultaneous increase of kernel numbers per ear and kernel weight. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of ear leaf increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate at no more than 250 kg hm^-2, and the P_n of modern varieties was significantly higher than that of old varieties. When the nitrogen application rate was 375 kg hm^-2, P_n decreased significantly, and the degree of reduction showed that the old varieties were higher than the modern varieties. From silking to dough stage, the decrease of P_n decreased with the increase of nitrogen application and varieties evolution. The light compensation point and dark respiration rate of maize were the highest in 2010s, the second in 1990s and the lowest in 1970s at different stages. Compared with 1990s and 1970s, the light compensation point of maize in 2010s increased by 9.72% and 27.84% on average, and the dark respiration rate increased by 7.82% and 32.98% on average. The specific leaf weight (SLW) of varieties increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but SLW decreased with the evolution of varieties under the same nitrogen application rate. The leaf nitrogen content per unit area (N_area) of different varieties increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, but it was significantly decreased in the old cultivars without nitrogen application, and there was no significant difference among the cultivars treated with nitrogen application rate. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive linear correlation between P_n and SLW, and the relationship between P_n and N_area can be fitted by the quadratic equation, the N_area value of P_n turning with the increase of N_area was 1.57 g m^-2. The photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of all varieties decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, while the PNUE of cultivars at higher nitrogen levels (≥ 250 kg hm^-2) increased significantly with the evolution of varieties. Thus, compared with the old varieties, the modern varieties were more beneficial to yield improvement in the higher nitrogen levels (≥ 250 kg hm^-2), which was mainly attributed to the higher P_n and PNUE of the modern varieties, while the increase of P_n and PNUE was closely related to the specific leaf weight (SLM), leaf N content (N_mass, N_area), and other characters, which was recommended for reference in the breeding process of maize varieties.

Key words: genetic improvement, nitrogen application rate, photosynthetic characteristics, specific leaf weight, nitrogen content of leaves, yield

CAO Yu-Jun, LIU Zhi-Ming, LAN Tian-Jiao, LIU Xiao-Dan, WEI Wen-Wen, YAO Fan-Yun, LYU Yan-Jie, WANG Li-Chun, WANG Yong-Jun. Responses of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of maize varieties released in different decades to nitrogen application rate in Jilin province[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(8): 2183-2195.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Effects of different nitrogen rate on yield, yield components, and the total biomass accumulation of maize varieties in different decades"

年份 Year	氮素水平 Nitrogen level	年代 Decade	品种 Variety	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)	单位面积穗数 Ears per unit area (×10⁴ hm^-2)			穗粒数 Kernel number per ear	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	干物质总积累量 Total biomass accumulation (t hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index
2018	N₀	1970s	JD101	6.69 f	5.38 a			382.42 f	32.39 b	12.55 f	0.458 b
		1970s	ZD2	7.06 f	5.70 a			375.21 f	33.01 b	13.37 f	0.454 b
		1990s	SD19	7.61 e	5.60 a			400.65 e	33.10 b	14.08 e	0.465 b
		1990s	JD159	7.73 e	5.78 a			415.64 e	32.06 b	14.53 e	0.458 b
		2010s	XY335	8.06 e	5.89 a			411.22 e	33.21 b	14.26 e	0.470 b
		2010s	NH101	8.09 e	5.90 a			407.35 e	33.69 b	14.58 e	0.477 b
	N₁	1970s	JD101	10.32 d	5.67 a			533.63 c	33.93 ab	17.93 de	0.495 ab
		1970s	ZD2	10.19 d	5.80 a			528.67 c	33.24 ab	18.07 d	0.485 ab
		1990s	SD19	10.52 cd	5.69 a			538.25 bc	34.30 a	18.18 cd	0.498 ab
		1990s	JD159	10.72 c	5.70 a			542.14 bc	34.69 a	19.13 cd	0.482 ab
		2010s	XY335	10.84 bc	5.90 a			529.26 c	34.71 ab	18.61 cd	0.478 ab
		2010s	NH101	10.92 c	5.79 a			538.54 bc	34.99 ab	18.39 cd	0.487 ab
	N₂	1970s	JD101	10.53 cd	5.67 a			526.22 c	35.12 a	17.77 de	0.501 ab
		1970s	ZD2	10.93 c	5.64 a			540.17 bc	36.04 a	18.39 cd	0.511 a
		1990s	SD19	11.55 b	5.78 a			558.66 b	35.67 a	19.87 bc	0.500 ab
		1990s	JD159	11.58 b	5.80 a			560.60 b	35.62 a	19.53 c	0.510 a
		2010s	XY335	13.12 a	6.00 a			609.60 a	35.88 a	21.70 ab	0.520 a
		2010s	NH101	12.73 a	5.90 a			598.91 a	36.02 a	21.38 ab	0.512 a
	N₃	1970s	JD101	9.74 cd	5.45 a			498.61 d	35.50 a	18.01 d	0.465 b
		1970s	ZD2	9.54 d	5.30 a			525.55 c	34.98 ab	17.31 de	0.474 b
		1990s	SD19	11.09 b	5.88 a			542.62 bc	35.18 ab	20.47 bc	0.466 b
		1990s	JD159	11.23 b	5.90 a			598.93 a	34.59 ab	20.16 b	0.479 ab
		2010s	XY335	12.94 a	5.78 a			588.22 a	36.40 a	22.26 a	0.500 a
		2010s	NH101	12.77 a	5.90 a			580.30 a	37.44 a	22.05 ab	0.498 a
2019	N₀	1970s	JD101	5.59 g	5.40 a			348.74 e	29.68 c	10.59 f	0.454 b
		1970s	ZD2	5.87 g	5.65 a			340.65 e	30.24 c	10.93 f	0.462 b
		1990s	SD19	7.38 f	5.50 a			417.55 d	32.12 bc	13.71 e	0.463 b
		1990s	JD159	7.47 f	5.65 a			420.60 d	31.14 c	13.67 de	0.470 b
		2010s	XY335	7.83 f	5.70 a			428.93 d	32.03 bc	14.70 de	0.458 b
		2010s	NH101	7.72 f	5.55 a			429.55 d	32.11 c	14.16 e	0.469 b
	N₁	1970s	JD101	9.63 de	5.70 a			524.66 b	32.21 c	17.36 d	0.477 b
		1970s	ZD2	10.24 d	5.90 a			531.64 b	32.65 c	18.27 d	0.482 b
		1990s	SD19	10.74 c	5.60 a			555.14 ab	34.56 ab	18.74 cd	0.493 b
		1990s	JD159	10.91 c	5.80 a			536.96 b	35.02 ab	19.22 bc	0.488 b
		2010s	XY335	11.01 c	5.95 a			546.54 ab	34.15 b	19.52 b	0.485 b
		2010s	NH101	10.82 c	5.70 a			557.25 ab	34.08 b	19.43 bc	0.479 b
	N₂	1970s	JD101	10.01 de	5.90 a			490.61 c	34.58 ab	17.29 d	0.498 ab
		1970s	ZD2	10.27 d	5.80 a			524.62 b	33.74 bc	17.25 d	0.512 a
		1990s	SD19	11.62 b	5.80 a			558.22 a	35.89 ab	19.18 bc	0.521 a
		1990s	JD159	11.88 b	5.70 a			576.31 a	36.18 a	19.88 b	0.514 a
		2010s	XY335	12.27 a	5.80 a			581.50 a	36.38 a	20.14 b	0.524 a
		2010s	NH101	12.92 a	5.75 a			600.44 a	37.11 a	21.58 a	0.515 a
2019	N₃	1970s	JD101	9.54 de		5.40 a	520.40 b		33.96 b	18.76 c	0.462 b
		1970s	ZD2	10.24 d		5.65 a	576.32 a		34.15 b	19.22 bc	0.458 b
		1990s	SD19	11.64 b		5.60 a	568.93 a		36.54 a	20.56 ab	0.487 a
		1990s	JD159	11.74 b		5.80 a	560.56 a		36.12 a	21.53 a	0.469 b
		2010s	XY335	12.09 ab		5.70 a	588.91 a		36.01 a	21.21 a	0.490 ab
		2010s	NH101	12.52 a		5.85 a	580.34 a		36.58 a	21.54 a	0.500 ab
方差分析Analysis of variance
年度 Year (Y)				1.625^ns		0.785^ns	2.207^ns		23.447^*	0.584^ns	0.942^ns
氮素Nitrogen (N)				277.621^**		1.565^ns	123.640^**		67.592^**	187.475^**	59.799^**
品种 Variety (V)				911.392^**		3.478^ns	146.265^**		1.163^ns	29.580^**	25.173^**
年代 Decade (D)				153.828^**		4.574^ns	45.062^*		36.297^**	111.296^**	14.986^**
年度×品种 Y×V				2.784^ns		1.548^ns	2.503^ns		1.829^ns	0.779^ns	1.054^ns
年度×年代 Y×D				0.047^ns		0.035^ns	2.035^ns		2.374^ns	0.277^ns	0.763^ns

Table 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 4

Table 5

Responses of leaf physiological characteristics of maize in different decades to different nitrogen application levels"

生育时期Stage	指标 Index	年代 Decade	氮素水平Nitrogen level
生育时期Stage	指标 Index	年代 Decade	N₀	N₁	N₂	N₃
吐丝期 Silking stage	单株叶面积 Leaf area per plant (cm² plant^-1)	1970s	5219.43±123.3 Bc	6524.62±300.1 Bb	6902.56±276.1 Bb	7742.53±245.9 Aa
		1990s	5631.56±266.9 Ad	6692.57±244.3 ABc	7336.94±330.2 ABb	8060.50±500.1 Aa
		2010s	5910.65±437.3 Ac	6972.69±348.6 Ab	7686.31±192.1 Aa	8164.42±3665.2 Aa
	比叶重 SLW (g m^-2)	1970s	40.24±0.21 Bd	44.99±0.20 Ac	50.00±1.56 Ab	54.82±0.30 Aa
		1990s	42.84±1.71 ABc	43.86±0.34 Ac	49.46±0.58 ABb	53.49±1.35 Aa
		2010s	43.78±1.13 Ac	43.64±0.15 Ac	46.56±3.04 Bb	51.28±0.89 Aa
	单位质量含氮量 N_mass (g kg^-1)	1970s	19.13±0.46 Bc	23.14±1.19 Bb	29.50±1.38 Aa	31.27±0.39 Aa
		1990s	19.81±0.34 ABc	23.62±0.59 Bb	31.59±0.86 Aa	32.45±0.29 Aa
		2010s	20.75±0.43 Ac	25.29±0.37 Ab	31.85±0.20 Aa	32.62±0.21 Aa
	单位面积含氮量 N_area (g m^-2)	1970s	0.78±0.02 Cd	1.04±0.06 Ac	1.48±0.07 Ab	1.69±0.03 Aa
		1990s	0.85±0.02 Bd	1.06±0.05 Ac	1.53±0.06 Ab	1.74±0.06 Aa
		2010s	0.91±0.00 Ad	1.10±0.02 Ac	1.47±0.11 Ab	1.69±0.04 Aa
	光合氮利用率 PNUE (μmol g^-1 N s^-1)	1970s	27.83±0.07 Aa	24.10±1.22 Ab	18.53±1.08 Cc	15.52±0.55 Bd
		1990s	28.29±0.75 Aa	25.42±0.84 Ab	20.08±0.34 Bb	15.94±0.50 Bb
		2010s	27.15±0.47 Aa	25.77±1.04 Aa	21.87±1.48 Ab	17.72±0.79 Ac
蜡熟期 Dough stage	单株叶面积 Leaf area per plant (cm² plant^-1)	1970s	3159.52±157.9 Cc	4656.47±148.9 Ab	4965.56±300.6 Bb	5352.51±106.9 Ba
		1990s	3501.79±196.1 Bd	4926.96±200.3 Ac	5225.78±200.1 ABb	5648.82±268.8 Ba
		2010s	4714.35±279.1 Ad	5212.35±225.6 Ac	5785.89±121.3 Ab	6223.25±201.9 Aa
	比叶重 SLW (g m^-2)	1970s	39.22±1.09 Bc	44.33±0.91 Ab	49.23±2.52 Aa	50.50±3.29 Aa
		1990s	42.13±0.19 Ab	43.95±1.30 Ab	47.25±0.33 ABa	49.46±1.85 ABa
		2010s	42.79±0.28 Aa	43.77±0.06 Aa	45.93±1.06 Ba	45.56±0.21 Ba
	单位质量含氮量 N_mass (g kg^-1)	1970s	16.62±1.09 Bd	19.32±0.58 Bc	21.25±0.29 Bb	27.48±0.01 Aa
		1990s	17.95±1.11 Ad	20.59±0.42 ABc	22.75±0.80 Ab	27.06±1.17 Aa
		2010s	17.84±0.79 Ad	21.70±0.41 Ac	23.60±0.34 Ab	26.42±0.37 Aa
	单位面积含氮量 N_area (g m^-2)	1970s	0.65±0.02 Cd	0.86±0.01 Bc	1.05±0.02 Ab	1.39±0.03 Aa
		1990s	0.76±0.05 Bd	0.91±0.05 ABc	1.08±0.03 Ab	1.34±0.04 Aa
		2010s	0.83±0.03 Ac	0.94±0.02 Ab	1.08±0.02 Aa	1.20±0.06 Aa
	光合氮利用率 PNUE (μmol g^-1 N s^-1)	1970s	23.80±2.14 Aa	21.72±0.61 Ab	19.37±1.16 Cc	15.87±0.87 Cd
		1990s	24.71±0.86 Aa	22.69±1.33 Ab	21.37±0.68 Bb	18.04±0.82 Bc
		2010s	24.70±1.05 Aa	23.04±1.61 Aab	22.90±1.11 Ab	20.94±0.44 Ac

Table 5

Fig. 3

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气象因子 Meteorological factor	2018					2019
气象因子 Meteorological factor	5月 May	6月 Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月 Aug.	9月 Sep.	5月 May	6月 Jun.	7月 Jul.	8月 Aug.	9月 Sep.
降雨量 Precipitation (mm)	63.9	111.4	135.8	198.7	42.1	95.9	99.9	116.7	234.4	52.3
平均气温 Mean air temperature (℃)	17.4	22.5	26.0	22.2	16.0	18.3	20.9	25.1	22.1	18.2
总辐射 Total radiation (MJ m^-2 d^-1)	543.4	524.8	518.3	411.1	344.6	499.8	502.5	548.3	422.9	389.0

变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 DF	籽粒产量 Grain yield	比叶重 Specific leaf weight	单位质量氮含量 Leaf nitrogen content per mass	净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate	叶面积 Leaf area
年度 Year (Y)	1	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
氮素 Nitrogen (N)	3	277.62^**	47.59^*	25.17^**	36.28^**	134.75^**
品种 Variety (V)	5	911.39^**	NS	29.58^*	30.29^**	NS
年代 Decade (D)	2	153.83^**	NS	NS	111.30^**	177.62^*
年度×氮素 Y×N	3	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
年度×品种 Y×V	5	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
年度×年代 Y×D	2	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

时期 Stage	年代 Decade	AQE (mol mol^-1)	P_n,max (μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)	LSP (μmol m^-2 s^-1)	LCP (μmol m^-2 s^-1)	Rd (μmol m^-2 s^-1)	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
吐丝期 Silking stage	1970s	0.060	31.92	1709.66	62.81	4.08	0.999
	1990s	0.061	34.32	1899.55	73.73	4.84	1.000
	2010s	0.063	36.52	1855.84	82.09	5.36	0.999
蜡熟期 Dough stage	1970s	0.064	23.10	1814.14	56.42	3.59	0.999
	1990s	0.065	24.21	1840.08	65.19	4.62	0.998
	2010s	0.067	26.33	1887.80	70.33	4.84	0.999

Responses of photosynthetic physiological characteristics of maize varieties released in different decades to nitrogen application rate in Jilin province

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